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IP 11 Theriogenology > 3: BSE M bo, ov, cap, eq > Flashcards

3: BSE M bo, ov, cap, eq Flashcards

1
Q

overall goal of BSE for Ru:

A
  • select high quality and fertile breeding stock

- eliminate heritable dzz, repro and other from breeding pop

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2
Q

approx what % of bulls will pass a BSE?

A

87%

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3
Q

what % must be found to be bad / poor fertility via BSE to continue genetic improvement?

A

13%

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4
Q

indicatios for Ru BSE?

A
  • prior to placing into service [virgin/yearling bull or pre season/pasture if mature]
  • pre sale or pre purchase
  • apparent sub fertility: poor preg rate or physical abnormality
  • to be sent to stud for semen freezing
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5
Q

peak season of year for bull BSE?

A

Oct to thanksging

also april to june

[times before bull sent out with cows]

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6
Q

components of BSE for Ru?

A
  • sig and hx
  • lameness eval
  • ID
  • general PE
  • exam external genitalia
  • maybe internal genitalia exam
  • semen collection and eval
  • additional dz (infectious / genetic dz test)
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7
Q

facilities for Bull BSE?

A
  • sturdy chute w removable lower side panel to allow access for semen collection
  • scale
  • or restraint facilities to allow mount / safe access for semen collection
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8
Q

facilities for ram/buck BSE?

A
  • cooperative help (strong backs)
  • small Ru chute for standing semen collection
  • restrained estrus doe maybe
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9
Q

what constitutes a lameness eval for Ru BSE?

A

watch walk from trailer or pen into chute / collection area

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10
Q

important for signalment of Ru BSE?

considerations based on signalment?

A
  • age
  • virgin vs breeding
  • breed
  • certain problems more likely in young or old
  • venereal dzz not issue for virginal bull
  • breed predispostions for specific conditions
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11
Q

hx on BSE?

A 
- breeding hx is big
how many FM? other M?
length of breeding season?
preg rate? calving/lambing/kidding rate?
results from previous seasons?
size of breeding area?
  • when last observed normal?
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12
Q

ways to ID Ru?

A
  • temporary ID (minimum): plastic ear tag

- permanent ID preferred: tattoo, brand, silver tag

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13
Q

considerations for general PE for Ru BSE

A
  • see FM - eyes
  • smell FM - nose
  • get to FM / mount - musculoskeletal
  • breed FM - musculoskeletal, genital
  • retain BCS - dental, GIT
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14
Q

what might you check also if M has warts on face?

A

penis / prepuce for warts

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15
Q

what to look for on Ru feet during exam?

A
  • hoof quality
  • evidence of recent absecesses
  • presence of lesions
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16
Q

musculoskeletal exam considerations for Ru BSE?

A

symmetry of limbs/joints
overall stance
condition of feet

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17
Q

what to look for when exam external genitalia of RU for BSE

A
  • size
  • symmetry
  • shape
  • mobility
  • consistency
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18
Q

what should scrotal integument look like?

why is this important?

what are some common abnormalities seen on scrotal integument?

A

thin, smooth normal

inflammatory lesions inc intra scrotal temp -> interfere w normal spermatogenesis

ex) scrotal dermatitis
mange
frost bite
wounds

thicken skin poor for thermo regulation / sperm production

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19
Q

how should testis feel?

A
  • firm - NOT hard
  • resilient but vibrant

like tennis ball

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20
Q

what do soft testis suggest?

firm testis?

A

soft: testicular degeneration
hard: neoplasia, terminal degeneration, atrophy w fibrosis

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21
Q

what structures are palpable win scrotum?

A
  • testis
  • spermatic cord components
  • epididymides [head, body, tail]
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22
Q

what area of testis is epididymal body found?

A

medial aspect

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23
Q

what is significance of scrotal circumference in bull?

A
  • pos correlation w :
    sperm prod capacity [all species of Ru]
    age at which heifer calves attain puberty
    some growth/carcass traits (angus)
  • moderate to high heritability in bull calves
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24
Q

can testis be too big in bull?

what might large testis indicate?

A

yes, if over 50 cm

impaired thermo regulation
may indicate prob w epididymis / epididymides: segmental aplasia or blocked epididymis

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25
Q

what is normal scrotal circumference for 24 mo old or older bull?

A

34 cm

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26
Q

what are guidelines about scrotal circumference based on for buck?

A

based on weight of buck

may vary by breed, not official standards

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27
Q

what are guidelines about scrotal circumference based on for ram?

A

based on age of ram

may vary by breed, not official standards

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28
Q

exam of internal genitalia possible in M of what species?

A

bulls - trans rectal palpation

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29
Q

what can be palpated trans rectally in bull?

how does palpation also help out another aspect of BSE exam?

A
  • internal inguinal ring

- dec ejaculatory threshold

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30
Q

small Ru: how to eval internal genitalia?

A

indirect evaluation of semen sample

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31
Q

what does leukospermia of a small Ru sample suggest?

A

presence of pathology of accessory sex glands
- pathology of them is uncommon…

so MC is epididymitis

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32
Q

external genitalia exam process?

A

trim hairs of prepuce

palpate along external prepuce and penis for swelling

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33
Q

methods of semen collection in bulls?

what method is most preferred

A
  • aspirate sample from vagina of cow after breeding (rare)
  • artificial vagina using mount animal
  • trans rectal massage of acc sex glands
  • electroejaculation -> MOST PREFERRED method
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34
Q

what methods of semen collection yield a complete physiologic ejaculate?

A

collection of semen via artificial vagina - dog does full mounting procedure and complete ejaculatory process

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35
Q

if you do not attain a physiologic ejaculate, what are limitations / what can sample tell you?

A

it is a sperm sample

cannot tell you sperm count

can tell you semen quality based on motility and morphology

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36
Q

how does electro ejaculation process occur in bulls?

A
  • insert lubricated probe into rectum and massage
  • apply elecro stimulation
  • monitor penis for protrusion and erection
  • visually inspect penis and internal lamina of prepuce for lesions
  • collect sample when cloudy sperm rich fraction emitted
  • cease electro stimulation
  • with draw probe but continue collection
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37
Q

what methods of sperm collection for buck?

A
  • artificial vagina preferred method

- electro ejaculation can be done but poorly tolerated by buck

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38
Q

describe sample attained from buck collection using AV?

A
  • low volume (0.5 to 2.0 mL)

- high concentration (1.4 to 4 billion sperm/mL)

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39
Q

if sample collected from buck is yellow, what might it be?

A
  • urine - will smell

- beta carotene from diet

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40
Q

how to collect semen collection from rams?

A
  • electroejaculation tolerated well
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41
Q

procedure to collect semen from ram?

A
  • tip ram up and protrude penis from sheath - manually straighten sigmoid flexure
  • lateral recumbency - examine urethral process
  • maintain penile extension during procedure to prevent (px) contamination of semen by prepuce WBCs
  • insert lubricated probe into rectum
  • trans rectal massage of acc sex glands
  • electro stimulate and collect semen in vial suspended in water bath
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42
Q

considerations of gross semen evaluation of Ru?

A
  • opacity, consistency, color, maybe volume
  • if it smells, consider urine contamination

if too chunky or thick, may be pus

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43
Q

what does progressive motility measure?

Ru

A

individual motility

can be diluted

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44
Q

what does gross/mass motility measure?

Ru

A

individual motility
concentration

cannot be diluted

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45
Q

what is minimum individual progressive motility in field and in clinc?
Ru

A

field: 30% min
clinic: 70% min

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46
Q

both individual and mass motility are subjective or objective?
Ru

A

subjective assessment / rating

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47
Q

what is required for good gross/mass motility?

Ru

A

high conc and high % of individual progressive motile sperm

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48
Q

how to perform morphology evaluation on sperm

Ru

A

count 100 or more sperm

count how many normal and how many abnormal
list % of 1* and 2* defects

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49
Q

what minimum standard of normal morphology required for good BSE? bull

A

70% minimum normal sperm

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50
Q

Interpretation of sperm morphology with age
Ru
high percentage of sperm with retained proximal cytoplasmic droplets (PCDs)?

A

penalized bull UNLESS he is young – b/c he will likely grow out of it -> by 15-18 months of age

Part of maturation of testicles – may defer young bull
When he is mature they should resolve

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51
Q

Interpretation of sperm morphology

A

age

medical and breeding history

52
Q

effect of systemic dz/fever have on morphology?

A

results in secondary or primary defects, dep on time of occurrence relative to exam

53
Q

what to do if large % 1* defects? Ru

A

wait 60 days

54
Q

what to do if large % 2* defects? Ru

A

maybe again that day

OR put him around FM and test again in a couple weeks

55
Q

effects of prolonged sexual rest?

A

rusty load

prominence of secondary defects
- often many loosely attached normal heads

56
Q

how many chances does Ru get in 1 day to pass BSE?

A

2 semen samples MAX

may do second sample that day if rusty load
OR wait if high % of 1* defects - DEFER The bull

57
Q

what is the majoor infectious repro dz is tested for in bulls?
etiology?
prevalence related to age?

A

Tritrichomonas foetus
venerally transmitted protozoan
older MC than young

58
Q

why older bulls MC have tritrichomonas

A

b/c T-dependent dev of preputial crypts in which protozoans live and infection harder to clear

old bull = carrier MC
young bull = clear infection spontaneously

59
Q

if you see case of Tritrichomonas, what should you do?

A

call state vet => REPORTABLE DZ

60
Q

what does tritrichomonas do?

A
  • early embryonic death
    high preg rates and high % “short bred” FMs
  • note: semen quality normal
61
Q

how to test for Tritrichomonas?

A

culture and/or PCR

preputial sampling - scrape vigorously

62
Q

tritrichomonas Tx?

A

not successful

dead bull - req by law

63
Q

if cows have high % of embryonic loss and abortion, what dzz should you suspect?

A

tritrichomonas
or
campylobacter fetus subsp fetus

64
Q

how to test for campylobacter in bulls?

A

culture and perputial lavage sample

special handling required

65
Q

can you vacc for any of infectious repro dzz in ru?

A

yes - vibrio or campylobacter fetus supsp fetus has vacc

it dec the incidence of dz

66
Q

infectious repro dz of concern in rams?

A
  • brucella ovis
67
Q

what does brucella ovis cause in rams? ewes?

A
  • epididymitis, orchitis and dec fertility in rams

- ewes: abortion and perinatan mortality in lambs

68
Q

how is brucella transmitted

A

venereally

69
Q

what indicates a brucella test in a ram?

A
  • if leukospermia
70
Q

what is test for brucella?

A
  • serologic ELISA test

- culture of semen

71
Q

how can bull be classified after a BSE?

A
  • satisfactory potential breeder
  • unsatisfactory potential breeder
  • classificaiton deferred
72
Q

to be satisfactory, bull must pass standards for what?

A
  • scrotal circumference
  • sperm motility
  • sperm morphology

NO defects that would compromise breeding ability
NO infectious repro dzz

73
Q

unsatisfactory bull exam looks like what?

A
  • fails one or more minimum for scrotal circumference, sperm motility, sperm morphology
  • unlikely to improve w time
  • suffers from 1 or more defects that would compromise breeding ability:
    heritable or physical that cannot be fixed
  • has infectious repro dz
74
Q

what circumstances would bull be classified as deferred?

A
  • not satisfactory that day but expected to improve

young bull, lame bull or old bull w rusty load or high % 1* defects with hx of physiologic insult

75
Q

if deferred, when to retest?

A

60 days later

or if rusty load, turn out w a few cows in heat and re real in 2 weeks

76
Q

what does satisfactory classification on a buck imply?

A
  • capable of impregnating at least 30 does in a 32 day breeding season
77
Q

what standards must a buck meet to be considered satisfactory?

A
  • scrotal circumference good
  • 70% sperm motility
  • 70% sperm morphology
    NO defects
    may or may not have urethreal process
78
Q

what standards must a ram meet to be considered satisfactory?

A
  • scrotal circumference, sperm motility and morphology 70% each
  • no defects
  • no infectious dzz
  • may or may not have urethral process
79
Q

what does satisfactory classification for ram imply?

A

can impregnate at least 50 ewes in a 34 day breeding season

80
Q

unsatisfactory ram and buck?

A
  • poor scrotal circumference, sperm motility and sperm morphology
  • unlikely to improve w time
  • defect that would compromise heritability
  • infectious repro dz
81
Q

indications for equine BSE?

A
  • pre purchase
  • prior to sending to stud
  • outset of season
  • eval of breeding problems
82
Q

goals for evaluation of stallion on BSE?

A
  • select high quality breeding stock
  • ID causes of potential problesm
  • offer mgmt. recommendations to optimize fertility for subfertile stallions
  • discourage propogation of hereditary defects
83
Q

what is considered reproductive efficiency in equine breeding?

A

75% or more seasonal preg rate

  • 40 mares bred by natural cover
  • 120 mares bred by AI
84
Q

components of equine evaluation?

A
  • ID
  • hx
  • general PE
  • evaluate teasing and breeding behavior
  • exam of external genitalia
85
Q

what does an equine BSE exam entail?

A
  • collection of samples for microbial culture
  • semen collection and eval
  • u/s exam of scrotal contents and accessory sex glands
  • additional diagnostics [serology for infectious dzz and molecular analysis of sperm]
86
Q

how many ejaculates are part of an equine evaluation?

A

2-3 ejaculates

87
Q

equine ID of stallion?

A
  • tattoo or brand
  • registered name
  • physical description
88
Q

equine signalment of BSE?

A

breed
age
use

89
Q

equine hx?

A
  • general management: feed, housing, exercise/work

- medical and sx: routine care, chronic medical conditions, prior sx, lameness, medications

90
Q

breeding hx of equine?

A 
methods
number and types of mares
frequency of breeding and/or semen collection
date of most recent collection
preg rates
services per foaling
handling and routine
offspring
problems
91
Q

particular attention to what areas of stallion during general PE?

A

eyes

limbs

92
Q

congenital defects to consider with stallion?

A

cryptorchidism
cataracts
parrot mouth

93
Q

evaluation of breeding behavior through what?

A
  • teasing and washing: normal behavior, erection

- problems: handability, juvenile, poor libido

94
Q

MC cause of poor libido?

other reasons?

A

behavioral - due to negative conditioning

overuse
repro endocrine abnormalities

95
Q

what to evaluate about penis on stallion?

A

glans
urethral process
shaft

96
Q

what to evaluate about prepuce in stallion?

A

internal lamina

sheath

97
Q

equine collection of samples for microbial culture: from what sites?

why?

A
  • urethra
  • urethral fossa
  • penile shaft

b/c some superficial infections pose a risk to the mare

98
Q

when should microbial samples be obtained from stallion sheath?

A

prior to washing
and
after ejaculation

99
Q

what kind of culture is run on stallion sample?

A

aerobic culture

100
Q

what are options for semen collection of stallion?

what is optimal?

A
  • AV [optimal]
  • condom [last resort]
  • electroejaculation NEVER
101
Q

what to evaluate for breeding behavior in stallion?

A
  • approach and behavior towards the mare
  • over 2 mins to achieve erection
  • mounting and coordination
  • coupling and thrusting
  • ejaculation
  • dismount
102
Q

how to handle/prepare sample of semen from equine for evaluation?

A
  • remove 3rd gel fraction by filtration

- no oxygen, no uv light, no drastic temperature changes

103
Q

gross evaluation of equine semen

A 
volume 30 + mL
color - white to slightly grey
opacity
consistency
contamination by urine/blood/pus
104
Q

why is blood bad in semen sample?

A

b/c it will kill equine sperm

105
Q

why is mass motility NOT evaluated in stallion semen?

A

it is not concentrated enough

mass motility is fxn of conc and individual motility

106
Q

minimum standard for raw sperm motility?

A

none

typical number is 30-80%

107
Q

how does motility of extended semen compare with raw sperm motility?

A

extended semen has improved motility

108
Q

where does sperm tail attach to head?

how does that affect their motion?

A

abaxially - not in middle of head

so they swim NOT in straight line but arc and roll around

109
Q

how is sperm morphology evaluated in stallion semen?

what is minimum standard?

what is normal?

A

itemize percentage of specific individual primary and secondar defects

no minimum standard

30-70% is normal

110
Q

how is sperm in stallion counted?

A
  • hemocytometer
  • densimeter - less stable for raw samples
  • CASA
111
Q

how long does semen evaluation for stallion last?

A
  • evaluated at 24, 48 and 72 hours
112
Q

scrotal contents of stallion evaluation?

A

skin
testes
epididymides
spermatic cords

113
Q

what size should testes be in stallion?

A

over 9 cm

114
Q

what is the orientation of testes and epididymis in stallion?

A

tail of epididymis facing tail of horse

115
Q

what is testicular torsion vs rotation?

A

rotation - incidental

torsion - spermatic cord twists; pathologic b/c restricts blood flow and cause horse colic

116
Q

examine internal structures in stallion?

A 
- accessory sex glands
bulbourethral glands
prostate 
seminal vesicles
ampullae
  • internal inguinal rings
    terminal aorta
117
Q

MC accessory gland to have pathology problem in mare?

A

ampullae

118
Q

how many additional semen collections per day for stallion?

A
  • second ejaculate: collected an hour after the first
  • third ONLY if necessary
  • NO MORE THAN 3
119
Q

what happens if stallion fails on 3rd ejaculate sperm?

A

he fails the exam - deferred or disqualified

120
Q

what infectious dzz are tested for in stallions?

A

EIA - coggins

EVA - equine viral arteritis

121
Q

how can equine semen be further evaluated?

A
  • EVA virus co culture
  • sperm chromatin analysis
  • e microscopy
122
Q

how can stallion be classified?

A
  • satisfactory prospective breeder
  • specifically qualified satisfactory prospective breeder
  • unsatisfactory prospective breeder
  • classification deferred
123
Q

satisfactory prospective breeder for stallion?

A
  • no heritable defects
  • normal breeding beh
  • harbor NO infections of repro tract
  • possess 2 normal scrotal testes and epididymis
  • produce 1 billion PMS, morphologically normal sperm in each of 2 ejaculates collected 1 hour apat
  • scrotal w at least 9 cm
124
Q

classification deferred stallion?

A
  • fail to have 1 billion PMS in 2 ejaculates, 1 hour apart
  • if not then have re evaluation of 60 days
  • semen quality or behavior expected to improve
125
Q

unsatisfactory prospective breeder stallion?

A
  • suffers heritable defect
  • fail to demo normal breeding beh - will not improve with training
  • infection that cannot be cured
  • abnormal testes and scrotum
  • does not produce 1 billion PMS in 2 ejaculates and will NOT improve
  • scrotum less than 9cm
126
Q

how to achieve DSO in stallion?

A

daily sperm output

collect semen at least 2x per day for 5 days to deplete epididymis reserves

127
Q

best measure of stallion fertility?

A

foaling rate

IP 11 Theriogenology (15 decks)

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