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IP 11 Theriogenology > 24, 25, 26: fail to become detect preg - canine pyometra to end > Flashcards

24, 25, 26: fail to become detect preg - canine pyometra to end Flashcards

1
Q

approximately how many breeding bitches will get canine pyometra?

A

2 in 400

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2
Q

why is canine pyometra a less common problem now what it used to be?

A

it is a well understood dz and is preventable, so is much less common overall now than it used to be

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3
Q

what is the definition of pyometra?

A

more than just pus in the uterus…..

a disease complex that includes the progression of:

cystic endometrial hyperplasia, mucometra (=hydrometra), endometritis and pyometra complex

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4
Q

what is the classic presentation for canine pyometra?

A
  • middle aged, nulliparous FM
  • late estrus 4-8 wks ago
  • often treated w steroids for birth control
  • treated w abx during previous heats
  • gradual onset of dz
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5
Q

what is nulliparous?

A

never had offspring

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6
Q

what steroids are used to treat bitches for birth control?

A
  • progestagens and estrogens
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7
Q

what is the role of progestagens in birth control?

A

to suppress estrus

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8
Q

what is the role of estrogens in birth control?

A

“morning-after” treatment for mismated bitches

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9
Q

how does the administration of p4 and e2 during pro estrus pre dispose the bitch to developing pyometra?

A

when p4 is added to suppress estrus, at a time when she is under the influence of e2, they have a synergistic effect on the endometrial glands and they produce excess ‘milk’

when there is no embryo present to consume the milk, it accumulates in the uterus -> cystic -> mucometra -> hydrometra

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10
Q

if a bitch presents with pymoetra and is not “classic”, meaning she is young and recently had a litter, what specifically should you ask about?

A

ask if she was treated with anti microbials when she was in heat last

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11
Q

why do some treat bitches with anti microbials while in heat?

A

some think bitch has better chance of conceiving if she is treated during estrus

some uneducated owners of male studs will demand the bitch be treated before mating to prevent spread of STI’s - which is incorrect b/c they do not exist in animals like they do in people and most pathogenic dzz would be spread by the male anyways….

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12
Q

what does giving a bitch antimicrobials while in estrus achieve?

A

selects for more resistant bacT and oftne more pathogenic bacT - to grow in her reproductive tract and wipes out commensal healthy bacT

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13
Q

what do you suspect happened to a young bitch that presents with pyometra and has an unusual bacT that is highly resistant to drugs?

A

she was probably given antimicrobials during her last heat cycle

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14
Q

what are c/s of bitch with pyometra?

A 
lethargy
dec appetite
free fluid at time of preg diagnosis
distended, tender abdomen
enlarged lnn
dehydration
anemia

s/t (sometimes):vaginal discharge
PU/PD
vomit/diarrhea
collapse

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15
Q

in the bitch, why does vaginal discharge occur s/t but is often uncommon at time of onset of pyometra?

A

b/c she is still under the influence of p4, which holds the cervix closed

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16
Q

how does endotoxemia occur sometimes in the bitch with pyometra?

A

endotoxins are absorbed from the uterus -> affect uterus function -> cause PU -> PD as a result of the PU

only in about 1/3 of the cases

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17
Q

why do some bitches vomit and have diarrhea with they have pyometra?

A

b/c they are toxemic

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18
Q

if left unattended, why does a bitch with pyometra collapse?

A

multi organ failure occurs as result of endotoxemia -> death can occur if not treated

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19
Q

if free fluid is seen in the uterus of the bitch 3 weeks post breeding, what does that indicate is likely to occur?

A

pyometra

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20
Q

why might a bitch with pyometra experience hyperthermia followed by hypothermia?

A

hyperthermia - fever - due to infection

hypothermia in later stages - due to severe shock

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21
Q

when does peripheral lymphadenopathy occur in a bitch with pyometra?

A

3-4 wks after inoculation / initial infection by the time you see her

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22
Q

when / why does a bitch with pyometra experience anemia?

A

chronic infection

due to toxemia

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23
Q

what precaution must be taken if palpating abdomen of bitch with suspected pyometra?

A

palpate enlarged uterus

be cautious - b/c if the cervix is shut, the increased pressure from your palpation will put pus into the utero tubal junction and into peritoneal cavity -> pyometra becomes peritonitis [pyo abdomen]

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24
Q

what is a better alternative than palpating the uterus of a bith with possible pymoetra

A

u/s

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25
Q

when examining a bitch with pyometra, what do you see when conducting a vaginoscopy?

A

pus in the anterior vagina

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26
Q

what is seen on cytology from a bitch with pyometra?

A

many NTs, toxic NTs, NTs with phagocytossed bacteria

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27
Q

what use is culture for a bitch with pyometra?

A

more use if trying to preserve her breeding ability instead of spaying her - in this case, she needs to be treated medically instead of surgically

is difficult to do though, b/c you will get some resident bacT from anterior vagina

must know what is there in order to know how to kill it

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28
Q

what types of bacT tend to show up on culture of bitch with pyometra?

A

MC vaginal bacT
mostly opportunistic infection

70% e. coli
may see Proteus, staphs, klebsiella, pseudomonas, some anaerobes

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29
Q

t/f

a lab work up of blood work is necessary to definitely dx pyometra in bitch?

A

false

lab work is only necessary if you cannot make the dx based on hx and presentation

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30
Q

what chances to WBCs will be seen in bitch with pyometra?

acute and chronic changes

A

acute: neutropenia
chronic: neutrophilia with left shift

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31
Q

on CBC of pyometra bitch, why might hematocrit be increased? decreased?

A

inc: dehydration
dec: anemic

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32
Q

what does a urine specific gravity of a bitch with pyometra indicate?

A

supports PU

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33
Q

why might knowing a bitch’s BUN prior to Tx for pyometra be of value?

A

we may use potentially nephrotoxic drugs so knowing her kidney function ahead of time would be helpful

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34
Q

t/f

it is common to evaluate IgG and look for hypergammaglobulinemia in a bitch with pyometra

A

false

hypergammaglobulinemia will be seen in chronic cases of pyometra - not measured specifically or very often

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35
Q

how is pyometra diagnosed in the bitch?

A
  • anamnesis
  • uterine distention
  • vaginal discharge
  • leukocytosis
  • cytology
  • u/s
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36
Q

t/f

x rays are a common modality used to dx pyometra as well as other soft tissue dzz in the abdomen

A

false

u/s is better
x ray was used in past but should not be used anymore for soft tissue dzz

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37
Q

what is the best and most common treatment for canine pyometra?

A

ovariohysterectomy

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38
Q

t/f

canine pyometra is urgent and considered an emergency - surgery must be planned for that day

A

true

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39
Q

t/f

to reduce the risk of rupture and leakage, a small incision should be made to remove the uterus from, similar to a spay incision

A

false

incision should be very liberal and large so the uterus is not squeezed or handled roughly to be removed

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40
Q

t/f

during a spay of a pyometra bitch, the entire uterus and cervix is removed

A

true

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41
Q

how might peritonitis occur during surgery to treat pyometra?

A
  • leakage through uterine tubes and into the abdomen

- rupture of uterus

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42
Q

what might occur if a stump of uterus with pus is left behind in a bitch?

A

stump pyometra or stump granulomas

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43
Q

what tissue should you ligate through to prevent stump granuloma from occurring?

A

the anterior vagina

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44
Q

t/f

it is necessary to stabilize the pyometra bitch before conducting surgery

A

false

not really appropriate b/c she is so toxic, she needs immediate supportive care and to head straight to surgery to remove the source of infection

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45
Q

what is the medical treatment of pyometra in bitch?

A

luteolysis
abx
fluids
NSAIDs

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46
Q

what luteolytic agent is MC used to Tx pyometra in bitch?

A

PgF2a

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47
Q

why is luteolysis a successful Tx for canine pyometra?

A

removes source of p4 which allows cervix to open so pus can drain when uterus is squeezed

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48
Q

when selecting which PgF2a drug to use for pyometra in the bitch, is chlorprostenol or luteolyse [dinoprost] a better option?

A

luteolyse is better b/c in a study with chlorprostenol, one dog died so if a dog you treat with it dies and the owner sues you, lawyers will find this study and use it against you

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49
Q

what are 3 appropriate dose regimens for dinoprost / luetolyse for tx of pyometra in bitch?

A
  • 50 ug/kg BID s/c 1 day
  • 100 ug/kg BID s/c 1 day
  • 250 ug/kg BID s/c 5 days
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50
Q

what dose regimen for dinoprost / luteolyse is NOT appropriate for use b/c it is experimental and would leave you vulnerable as a practitioner?

why might some consider using it?

A

10 ug/kg QID s/c 7-10 days

it has no side effects

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51
Q

why are high doses of PgF2a required for luteolysis in a bitch?

risks?

A

very high doses required b/c canine CLs are very refractory to PgF2a

many side effects will occur to make bitch sick

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52
Q

t/f

RU 486 (algepristone or Mefipristone) is a readily available drug that is used commonly to cause lyteolysis in dogs with pyometra

A

false

RU 486 is illegal for use in animals in US b/c it is used for human abortions

used readily in Europe

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53
Q

in addition to lysing the CL, what other function does PgF2a have in canine pymoetra Tx?

A

it also serves as an ecbolic agent

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54
Q

what is MC antimicrobial used to tx canine pyometra?

side effects?

A

gentocin and penicillin

aminoglycoside => nephrotoxic

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55
Q

in addition to gentocin and penicillin, what other antimicrobials are used to Tx canine pyometra?

A

amoxicillin
clavulinic acid
enrofloxacin [less toxic than aminoglycosides]

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56
Q

in what way might steroids be used in some cases of pyometra?

A

shock doses of steroids if the bitch is very bad and you need immediate action to save her life -> this will stabilize her, then you can operate in 2 days

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57
Q

what is the prognosis for a pyometra bitch after medical therapy?

recurrence and fertility?

A

not great

10-30% recurrence
10-50% fertility [volkman says up to 80% fertility in his experience]

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58
Q

t/f

after experiencing pyometra and medical treatment, a bitch should not be bred in her next heat cycle

A

false

she SHOULD be bred in her next heat cycle - do NOT leave her uterus empty for another cycle

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59
Q

t/f

if after medical tx for pyometra a bitch is bred but fails to become pregnant, you should be concerned about persistent infection

A

false

persistent infection is unlikely

you should be concerned that the endometrium was damaged and that it might not be able to support a pregnancy

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60
Q

in an unspayed bitch, what is necessary in order to get pyometra?

A

steroidogenic priming of the uterus

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61
Q

what drugs are available as contraception in bitches?

A 
megestrol acetate (ovaban)
mibolerone
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62
Q

how does megestrol acetate work in the bitch?

A

put the bitch on the drug when she is in anestrus and does not have e2

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63
Q

how does mibolerone work in the bitch?

A

androgenic drug - testosterone like

suppresses HPA

**best Tx

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64
Q

what tumor occurs MC in the uterus?

A

lyommyoma - tumor of smooth muscle

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65
Q

what is the significance of endometrial cysts in mares? what does it indicate?

A

indication of endrometrosis
will block embryo - failure of maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP)
interferes with placentation

66
Q

t/f

endometrial cysts of the mare are cystic glands

A

false

they are lymphatic lacunae that are dilated / filled with lymphatic fluid

67
Q

t/f

endometrial cysts indicate that the mare is unable to become preg

A

false

indicates that she has some damage to her endometrium, likely from other pregnancies

but she can still become pregnant

68
Q

at what size is the endometrial cyst in the mare a concern for the movement of the embryo through the uterus?

A

3 cm

69
Q

why might pregnancy fail in the mare due to endometrial cysts?

what can be done to help the mare achieve pregnancy despite the cysts?

A

the embryo cannot move around the endometrium therefore the mare cannot recognize pregnancy

7 days after breeding, put her on altrenogest - a progestagen - so she does not rely on the CL for MRP

70
Q

if very large, endometrial cysts in the mare can interfere with placentation.

but more often than not, what occurs? why?

A

the placenta forms without problems b/c there is endometrium over the cyst

71
Q

what do the fetal membranes look like in mares who have endometrial cysts foal successfully?

A

they look normal

no scarring - placenta attaches to endometrium over the cyst

72
Q

how can cysts be treated?

A

surgical excision

historoscopic exam - laser beam removal

73
Q

what is endometrosis?

how does this interfere with ability to get pregnant?

A

intra uterine growth retardation - glandular atrophy, fibrosis in large spaces of lymphatic fluid

leads to impaired placentation b/c less tissue available for placenta development enough to support a foal

74
Q

what is the difference btwn endometrosis and endometriosis?

A

endometriosis is dz of women, uterine cells implant in to the abdomen and grow uterine tissue there

endometrosis = intra uterine growth retardation

75
Q

if a foal is born to a mare with endometrosis what will it look like? what will fetal membranes look like?

A

foal - small, poorly developed, cripple - carried longer than term

membranes - show areas of massive absence of villi

76
Q

what is the pathogenesis of hydrometra?

A

obstructed outflow of uterine milk

77
Q

in what species does hydrometra MC occur?

A

goats

78
Q

what condition in goats might lead to hydrometra?

A

persistent CL

79
Q

what is the common presentation for hydrometra in the bovine?

A

white heifer dz in charlois breed
parts of tubular genitalia are occluded - trans luminal mem separating uterine horn from cervix, trapping the uterine milk
often found in virgin animal

80
Q

Tx for hydrometra due to retained transluminal mem in bovine?

prognosis?

A

remove the membrane and she will be okay

81
Q

what is uterus bicollis?

what species?

A

congenital mal formation of cervix occasionally seen - duplicated cervix

rare but MC in mare

82
Q

what lesion of the cervix is MC than uterus bicollis?

significance of this condition?

A

MC is acquired traumatic lesion - does not open and close as it should bc it is partly fibrosed and does not respond to endocrinologic stimulation

therefore will not close during pregnancy and will allow bacT to enter - placentitis or endometritis will recur - preg unsuccessful or will not occur

83
Q

what predisposes animals to pneumovagina and urovagina?
what condition ensues?

what issue does this lead to? and in what species MC?

A

MC an issue in horse and dairy cow - important source of infertility

loose supportive tissue in perineum - anus gets pulled farther into the pelvic cavity - pulls vulva up - vulva stretched over ischiatic arch - renders vulva less than optimally competent to closing - bacT can enter

if vagina has downhill slope to cervix instead of towards to vulva, the vestibular sphincter is compromised, urine can pool in the vagina

84
Q

what c/s can occur with pneumo and uro vagina?

A

urine scalding in mare w uro vagina

inflammed vagina or uro vagina

85
Q

what Sx Tx for pneumo and uro vagina?

A

Caslicks Sx

extend urethra in Cd direction - make artificial tunnel from existing urethral opening to somewhere close to the vulva - simple but NOT easy

86
Q

what are transluminal adhesions in the vagina caused by?

A

MC caused by intra partal trauma

often dystocia causes it

tissues can grow together and can cause hydrometra

87
Q

what is the origin of transluminal bands?

A

muellerian tubes that fail to completely fuse to make a single vagina

88
Q

at what level of the repro tract to trans luminal bands occur?

A

at the level of the vestibulo vaginal junction

89
Q

tx of transluminal bands?

A

can often be easily broken by veterinarian or copulation if thin

or thick, may need transection

90
Q

what is vaginal hyperplasia?

A

excessive proliferation [hypertrophy and hyperplasia] of the floor of the vaginal epithelium under the influence of e2

tissue in Cd vagina and vestibule especially sensitive to effects of e2

91
Q

in what species and breeds is vaginal hyperplasia MC?

heritable?

A

brachycephalic dogs - Eng bull dog, boxer, boerbull

yes - heritable

92
Q

how does vaginal hyperplasia affect ability to breed?

A

prevents intromission and natural service

93
Q

best Tx for vaginal hyperplasia?

A

spay the bitch

94
Q

why does vaginal hyperplasia s/t occur near the end of pregnancy?

significance?

A

high e2 levels stimulate it

cannot give birth - dystocia - c section often necessary

95
Q

what transmissible tumor of the vagina/vulva occurs?

A

TVT - transmissible venereal tumor

96
Q

what is unique about cellular structure of TVT cells?

A

cells have abnormal # of chromosomes

97
Q

how is TVT spread?

A

contact and licking

98
Q

t/f

TVT can spread to the mouth and skin via licking?

A

true

99
Q

t/f

TVT is very malignant

A

false

  • usually spontaneously regress w/in a few mos
  • if not, TVT is very responsive to vinchristine chemotherapy
100
Q

best Px measure for TVT?

A

Px roaming - no free sex

or spay and neuter

101
Q

what is common presentation of puppy vaginitis?

A

pre puberal bitches

mostly large breeds

102
Q

what is pathogenesis of puppy vagainits?

A

unknown

103
Q

t/f

in the case of vaginitis, the bitch should be spayed immediately

A

false

wait until the vaginitis is resolved to spay the bitch

104
Q

best Tx for vaginitis?

A

none - self cure very common - dependent on endocrine effect of coming into heat

105
Q

t/f

systemic vaginitis should be treated with systemic abx?

A

false

flush vagina with some dilute antiseptic solution - flush until cleaned out

106
Q

t/f

finding bacT in the vagina is grounds to dx vaginitis in a breeding bitch

A

false

every vagina is very populated by commensal bacT

107
Q

t/f

vaginal cultures of breeding bitches is routinely indicated

A

false

NOT routinely indicated

108
Q

t/f

mycoplasma contributes to sub fertility

A

false

old reports - no longer found to be true

109
Q

t/f

before breeding, a FM should be given abx to clear out her repro tract and px the spread of STI’s to the M

A

false

NO KNOWN STD’s other than brucellosis

110
Q

what is the etiology of Tritrichomonas fetus? [Trich]

A

protozoa

mobile anaerobe

111
Q

how is Trich transmitted?

A

coitus via infected semen

112
Q

old or young bulls are carriers of Trich?

A

older bulls are carriers

young bulls under 3 yo self cure

113
Q

t/f

Trich infected bulls are always subclinical

A

true

114
Q

t/f

cats can become infected with Trich

A

true

115
Q

what is the manifestation of Trich in cats?

can cats transmit the dz to cattle

A

GI dz

cats are NOT shown to be source of infection in cattle

116
Q

what is manifestation of Trich in cows?

A

transient endometritis

failure to become pregnant

117
Q

specifically, how/when does the Trich prevent cow pregnancy?

A

initial conception occurs

gradual endometritis leads to embryonic death AFTER maternal recognition of pregnancy

118
Q

why does a cow infected with Trich often have delayed return to estrus?

A

b/c MRP has already occurred

119
Q

t/f

a cow will self cure from a Trich infection

A

true

120
Q

how long does it take a cow to self cure from trich?

A

3 cycles

121
Q

after 3 cycles, how is a cow affected by Trich long term?

A

self cured so immune

return to complete fertility

122
Q

if a cow is re exposed to Trich after curing herself of first infection, what happens?
why?

A

accelerated self cure at subsequent exposure

she has Tc cells that recognize and clear the infection faster

123
Q

what is the preg rate of exposure to Trich in naive herds?

A

as low as 30%
increases after longer breeding seasons with preponderance of early pregnancies resulting from breeding after self cure and immunity

124
Q

in herds with endemic infections of Trich, what is the preg rate?

A

up to 80%

erosion dz - people learn to live with it

125
Q

t/f

Trich is a reportable dz

A

true - in MO and a lot of other states but not everywhere in US

note: considered eradicated in other countries

126
Q

best way to keep Trich out of cow herd?

A

test bulls

127
Q

what is the Trich test for bulls?

what sample of tissue and what lab test

A

preputial sample - from deeper folds of tissue where the environment is less aerobic
lamina interna - deep scrape and very cellular sample

culture or PCR

128
Q

why is pyometra seen in cows with Trich?

A

b/c MRP occurs so CL is maintained - infection in endometrium and cervix stays closed - sets up conditions favorable for pyometra

129
Q

t/f

a calf born to a cow with Trich will be weak and poorly developed

A

false

calf will be normal and healthy

130
Q

what is special about the pouch specially designed for tissue samples for Trich testing?

A

designed to favor growth of anaerobic protozoa - NOT aerobic bacT

131
Q

if a bull tests pos for Trich, what do you assume about his cow herd?

A

assume that the cows are pos too

132
Q

t/f

half hearted efforts at eliminating trich from US cattle population have failed at a huge expense

A

true

133
Q

t/f

most non preg cows become immune and free of pathogen over 5 cycles

A

false

3

134
Q

t/f

pyometra and anestrus cause prolonged harboring of the Trich pathogen

A

true

135
Q

t/f

pregnant cows are almost 100% clean

A

true

136
Q

t/f

virgin heifers are 100% clean

A

true

137
Q

what is key to control of Trich w/in a herd trying to eradicate it?

A

fencing

internal fencing AND perimeter fencing

keep separate populations w/in your herd separate and keep neighbors cows out of your herd

138
Q

internally, what are 3 permanently separate herds a farmer should maintain if he/she is trying to eradicate trich from the cows?

A
  • definitely clean herd = virgin heifers
  • likely clean herd = cows over 60 days pregnant
  • likely dirty herd = non pregnant cows that were exposed to bull
139
Q

what management of bulls is important to eradicate trich from the farm?

A

cull all exposed bulls older then 3 yo [no test required]

retain only valuable young bulls [less than 3 yo] - test negative bulls at weekly intervals 3 times [overall, this is still risky]

DO NOT TREAT - CULL POSITIVE

140
Q

how to manage 100% clean herd of virgin heifers to keep trich out?

A
  • keep as many replacements as possible
  • synch and breed by AI to CLEAN semen
  • virgin herd or clean up bills
  • 45 d breeding season
  • test bulls at end of season to confirm clean status: if clean, add next generation of heifers and build clean herd but if dirty, start another new heifer herd
141
Q

how to manage the likely clean herd to eradicate trich?

A
  • keep bulls out until 60 d [3 cycles] after the last cow has calved
  • maintain excellent nutrition to promote cycling
  • synch and AI w clean semen
  • use affordable or virgin herd for clean up bulls
  • test bulls 30 d into breeding season: if pos, extend season and if neg, stay w short season
  • 45 d breeding season
  • test bulls at end of season - 3x
  • cull any who do not get preg
142
Q

at the end of the breeding season, if just one bull in the likely clean herd is pos, what is the next step?

A

cull all bulls and all non pregnant cows

143
Q

how to manage the likely dirty herd of non preg cows during Trich eradication?

A
  • cull all cows w repro dz - pyometra, mummified or macerated fetuses
  • consider selling all cows in this herd
  • if non pregnant cows are retained, optimize nutrition, snych and AI, young clean up bull, short breeding season, test bull after breeding, cull all non preg cows after 3 cycles
144
Q

how to manage a herd living with Trich?

A
  • cull all cows with repro dz
  • use young bulls only
  • extend or eliminate breeding season - allow time for initial exposure, followed by preg loss and immunity development [3 cycles] prior to end of breeding season
  • vacc: eliminate pathogen from infected cows
145
Q

how valuable is the Trich vaccine?

A

limited value
may shorten window btwn infection and self cure

but do NOT rely on vacc to cure dz - must manage herds and eradicate dz

146
Q

advantages of using AI for Trich control?

A
  • eliminates risk of venereal dz
  • provides genetically superior replacement heifers
  • obviates need for expensive bulls
  • establishes a routine that has long term benefits
147
Q

t/f

if a herd is pos, the state will impose quarantine and control

A

true

148
Q

how does Campylobacter fetus spp venerealis compare to and differ from Trich?

A
  • same epidemiology, pathogenesis as Trich
  • abortions MC and pyometra less common (LC)
  • also: vaccine controls dz 100%
149
Q

what is the nature of the pathogen for campylobacter fetus spp venerealis?

A

anaerobic bacT

150
Q

what is bovine herpes virus (IBR)?

c/s?

A

infectious pustuar vulvovaginitis

venereal and mechanical spread
pustules on genitalia of both sexes - 2* bacT infections common
spontaneous recovery, no long term consequences

151
Q

EVA causes what reproductive issue in mares?

A

abortions

152
Q

t/f

EVA is transmitted among mares exclusively venereally?

A

false

153
Q

what dz of equine is no longer in the USA but causes chronic wasting and neurologic dz?

A

Dourine: Trypanosomum equiperdum

154
Q

what strains of bacT cause endometritis?

A
  • klebsiella

- pseudomonas

155
Q

when a mare bred to one stallion has recurrent infections or if several mares w/in a herd that are bred to the same stallion have the same infection, what should you consider?

A

the stallion is the source of the infection

156
Q

t/f

contagious equine metritis (CEM) is common in the USA

A

false

virtually eradicated from the USA b/c proactive horse industry did it - not b/c of laws

isolated causes of unknown origin

157
Q

what does CEM cause?

A

endometritis and infertility as a result

158
Q

where is the CEM organism harbored on the mare?

A

in the clitoral fossa and sinus [cavity inside the clitoris]

159
Q

what kind of organism causes CEM?

A

mecoraerophilic organism

160
Q

what is Tx / control of CEM

A

clitoridectomy (less often now)
clitoral stripping - incision around mucocutaneous jxn around clitoral fossa and strip mucosa - avoid erectile tissue so less bloody - sew the clitoral fossa shut around the clitoris

161
Q

what condition does equine herpes virus 3 cause?

long term consequences?

A

equine coital exanthema - macules / papules on external genitalia
2* infections may occur

pain inhibits copulation so remove affected animals until healed

no long term consequences

162
Q

what is post partum metritis?

why is it not significant?

A

FM ill after giving birth due to culminating infection of the uterus - common complication that occurs during the puerperium period

not significant b/c she is not bred during this time anyways so her infertility at this time does not matter

IP 11 Theriogenology (15 decks)

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