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IP 11 Theriogenology > 28, 29, 30: infectious pregnancy loss > Flashcards

28, 29, 30: infectious pregnancy loss Flashcards

1
Q

3 mechanisms of infectious pregnancy loss:

A
  • severe maternal illness -> luteolysis -> abortion in species in which CL solely responsible for preg maintenance at time of insult
  • placentitis fetal infection -> fetal death
  • placentitis -> inadequate nutritional support, hypoxia -> fetal death
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2
Q

t/f

many abortigenic organisms in domestic animals are zoonotic

A

true

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3
Q

what is the key to submission of tissues for histopath evaluation?

A
  • include comprehensive history with the submission
  • weights of fetus(es) and afterbirths if all are NOT submitted
  • all abortuses should be submitted
  • if outbreak: submit samples from several animals
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4
Q

why are fetal membranes important for diagnostics?

what parts of the fetal membranes should be submitted?

A
  • route of infection of fetus in most cases
  • include aspirate of fetal fluids if any remain
  • slab sections from different portions of the afterbirth [fresh and formalin fixed]
  • include areas of gross abnormalities
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5
Q

what samples from dam are important to submit?

A
  • blood samples
  • swab from vagina or uterus
    [bitch vagina and mare uterus]
  • feed and water samples as indicated
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6
Q

what types of infections post most significant risk to commercial operations?

A

VIRAL INFECTIONS

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7
Q

what effects do viruses have on swine pregnancy?

A
  • preg loss d/t direct effects upon embryo/fetus (MC)

- repro consequence dictated by immune status of the dam to the offending virus

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8
Q

t/f

many viruses are endemic to swine herds

A

true

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9
Q

t/f

management of swine dzz is based on eradicating the presence of all virus on the farms

A

false

live with low virus levels - manage the herd / dzz to decrease to likelihood of mass losses

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10
Q

in the mare, bacT cause what types of infection?

A
  • placentitis: ascending or focal non-ascending

- leptospirosis: descending

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11
Q

what does viral infection cause in pregnancy of the mare?

A

placentitis is extension of fetal viremia

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12
Q

t/f

in the mare, most organisms do not cause systemic dz

A

true

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13
Q

what signs of abortion do organisms cause in the mare typically?

A

premature mammary development

vulvar discharge

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14
Q

what predisposes a mare to ascending infections?

A
  • anatomic abnormalities: poor perineal conformation or cervical incompetency
  • bacT, including commensal flora that contaminate the chorion overlying the cervical os
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15
Q

what is the origin and progression of fungal infections in the mare?

A

ascending - progresses to diffuse -> placental insufficienty -> fetal growth retardation -> abortion

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16
Q

what fungi are MC to cause placnetitis in the mare?

A
  • Aspergillus fumigatus ***

- Mucor spp

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17
Q

what are premonitory c/s in the mare with a fungal infection?

A
  • thick, tenacious brown vulvar discharge
  • premature mammary development in several days
  • sporadic, MC in stabled mares
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18
Q

what does placentitis in the mare caused by fungus cause?

at what time?

A

abortion at 8-11 mos

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19
Q

t/f

fungal dermatitis is common in equine fetuses affected by fungus

A

false

fungal dermatitis is NOT common

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20
Q

what % of pregnancy loss in mare is due to fungus?

A

less than 10%

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21
Q

what is MC bacT etiology that causes placentitis in mare?

where is the bacT from?

ascending or descending?

A

Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus

commensal organism in mare vagina

ascending infection

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22
Q

in the mare, what is common bacT that causes non ascending, focal mucoid discharge during placentitis?

A

nocardioform actinomycete group of organimsms

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23
Q

what does an ascending bacT infection in mare look like on the placenta?

A
  • infection of chorion is focal at the area overlying the internal cervical os (cervical star)
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24
Q

t/f

ascending bacT infection in the mare is likely to cause abortion d/t placental insufficiency

A

false

abortion likely d/t fetal septicemia or endotoxemia OR placental malfunction -> endo abnormalities mimicking changes occurring at the time or normal parturition

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25
Q

typically where do focal non ascending bacT affect the uterus of the mare?

A

at the base of the uterine horn

NOT in the cervical star

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26
Q

how is Dx of ascending bacT placentitis in the mare made?

A
  • transrectal u/s

- transabdominal u/s

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27
Q

what is seen on transrectal u/s in mare with ascending bacT placentitis?

A

separation of chorioallantois from endometrium

thickening of the utero placental unit: 8 mos preg, no later than 8 mm

exudate in the vagina

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28
Q

what is seen on transabdominal u/s on mare with ascending bacT placentitis?

A

thickening and separation as above

confirmation of live/dead fetus

fetal heart rate

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29
Q

in case of placentitis in mare, what occurs to prod of 5a pregnanes?

A

p4, prod by fetal adrenal and converted to 5a pregnanes in placenta, so 5a pregnanes inc with placentitis d/t fetal stress

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30
Q

in case of placentitis in mare, what occurs to prod of e2?

A

e2 prod, from the fetal gonads, is converted to estrone sulfate in placenta, decreases faster than normal

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31
Q

normally, what triggers prepartum mammary development?

A

fetal stress => adrenal glucocorticoids, inc p4 and dec e2

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32
Q

mares w premature mammary dev have what hormone profile

why?

A

high p4
low e2

induced by fetal distress d/t placental dz

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33
Q

what triggers milk let down when a mare “waxes” and “runs milk”?

A

sudden decreased p4

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34
Q

in abnormal preg, what is the hormone profile?

A
  • fetal septicemia - inc p4 and dec e2 - fetus dies - dec p4 to 0 and ABORTION
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35
Q

when mammary development begins occurring, what is the hormone profile?

A

e2 dec and p4 inc

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36
Q

what causes the abortion in a mare to occur, after premature udder enlargement?

A

precipitous dec in p4

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37
Q

t/f

abortion can be averted by replacement hormone therapy in the mare

A

true

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38
Q

what is the Tx of ascending bacT placentitis in the mare?

A 
abx - TMS, pen, gentamicin
anti inflammatory - banamine, but
pentoxifylline
vit E
eoxgenous p4 - altrenogest
monitor - confirm that fetus remains alive
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39
Q

t/f

leptospirosis is zoonotic?

A

true

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40
Q

what causes leptospirosis, which is assoc w abortion in mares?

A

Leptospira interrogans, serovar Pomona type Kennewicki

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41
Q

abortion caused by leptospirosis is ascending or descending infection?

A

descending - hematogenous spread from mare to placenta

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42
Q

where do lepto organisms localize to in mare?

where does vasculitis occur?

A
  • to repro tract and damages placental vasculature

- organism precipitates vasculitis on allantoic side of the chorion

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43
Q

what repro manifestations occur in the horse?

A
  • resorption of embryo once implantation has occurred
  • abortion at 6-9 mos
  • still birth
  • birth of weak neonates
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44
Q

what lesions are seen in mare with lepto?

A
  • fetal mem lesions are diffuse

- chorion necrotic: thickened, brown, mucoid

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45
Q

what lesions are seen in fetus with lepto?

A
  • enlarged liver, less often kidneys
  • yellow discoloration
  • hemorrhage
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46
Q

what is epidemiology of mares with lepto?

A
  • sporadic with outbreaks
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47
Q

how is lepto diagnosed?

A
  • based on lesions in abortus

- pos culture, PCR, fetal serology, visualization of bacT

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48
Q

px lepto in horses?

A

dec stocking density

do NOT feed on ground

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49
Q

where does Equine viral arteritis virus replicate?

A

endothelium
macros
epithelium
myometrium

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50
Q

t/f

equine viral arteritis virus can survive in frozen semen

A

true

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51
Q

t/f

morbidity and mortality are both high for EVA?

A

true

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52
Q

what breeds of horses have highest rates of exposure / infection of EVA?

A

standardbreds (80%)

and warm bloods

53
Q

what % of unvaccinated horses in USA are seropositive for EVA?

A

2%

54
Q

EVA transmission?

efficient transmission?

A
  • respiratory
  • venereal or contaminated semen
  • fomites
  • contact w abortus
  • transplacental

yes - 85%

55
Q

c/s of EVA?

A

MC subclin or mild

resp signs, nasal discharge
fever
malaise

56
Q

how long is EVA shed in resp secretions?

A

14 days

57
Q

severe EVA manifests how reproductively?

A
  • transient subfertility in acutely infected stallions d/t fever
  • fertility NOT dec in chronic carriers
  • preg loss/abortion
58
Q

t/f

EVA causes dec semen quality

A

false

59
Q

rate of abortion in mares with EVA?

A

70%

60
Q

when does abortion occur in mares w EVA?

A

3-10 mos gestation

61
Q

what are gross lesions on fetus and membranes with EVA infection?

A

none - fetus and membranes are autolyzed w no pathognonomic gross lesions

62
Q

t/f

in a horse with EVA, she will make a premature udder to signal the abortion

A

false

NO premature dev - she drops the fetus w/o signs

63
Q

what is the carrier % of EVA in stallions?

A

30-35%

64
Q

where is the EAV virus loc in the male repro truct?

how is it maintained there?

A

testosterone dependent maintenance of virus

in ampullae

65
Q

t/f

carrier stallions for EAV will shed virus continually

A

true

66
Q

how might a stallion be cured of EAV?

A

geld him - then no T so virus does not survive

67
Q

how to detect carrier status in a stallion?

A

seropositivity by serum neutralization in absence of vaccination

virus isolation from sperm rich fraction of ejaculate

3 wks for test result

68
Q

how is EVA Tx and managed in acute cases?

A
  • isolation
  • symptomatic, supportive care - nasids and diuretics
  • neonates suffering from fulminating pneumonia usually succumb quickly
  • vacc of exposed and at risk animals
69
Q

what animals cannot be vacc for EAV?

A

pregnant mares

foals less than 6 wks

70
Q

in carrier stallions, how is EVA Tx and managed?

A
  • castrate to cure
  • down regulating T => NOT a good idea
  • double sperm processing technique
  • pre breeding vacc and isolation of mares bred to EAV shedder
71
Q

t/f

a single sample of serum is sufficient to determine a mare’s EAV status

A

false

if pos, she may have been vaccinated

72
Q

what is best test to see if mare is pos for EAV?

A

virus isolation from nasopharyngeal or conjunctival swabs

IHC to viral proteins in aborted fetus

73
Q

what vacc is available for EAV?

how should it be administered?

A

MLV

induces strong long lasting immunity similar to nat’l infection

confirm sero negative before giving vaccine
confirm subsequent seroconversion

in MO, need state vet permission to give the vaccine

colts: 6-12 mos than annually
breeding stallions: annually 4 wks prior to beginning of season

74
Q

stallion management to px / monitor EAV status in unvaccinated sero negative animal?

A

serology annually

if pos: virus isolation on semen

75
Q

how to manage stallion with sero positive EAV and unknown vacc hx?

A

virus isolation on semen

76
Q

how to manage stallions for breeding related to EAV?

A

TEST

vacc or survey each year

77
Q

how is EHV-1 transmitted?

A

respiratory secretions

fomites

78
Q

where does EHV-1 replicate?

A

in resp epi

endo of uterus and CNS

79
Q

c/s of EHV-1?

A

inapparent infection
resp dz
abortion
neurologic dz

80
Q

t/f

abortive and neuro forms of EHV-1 usually occur concurrently

A

false - typically they are mutually exclusive and NOT seen together

81
Q

what is mech of EHV-1 abortion?

when in gestation?

A

viral trans location into placental vasculature -> fetal viremia -> infection of fetal endo cells -> fetal vasculitis -> fetal death

final 1/3 of gestation

82
Q

t/f

during EHV-1 abortion, mare is often ostensibly ill and develops a premature udder

A

false

mare often NOT ostensibly ill and does NOT drop a premature udder

83
Q

what is status of abortus in EHV-1 abortion of the mare?

A

very fresh

often contained w/in membranes

84
Q

dx of EHV-1?

A

submit abortus - virus isolation for intranuclear inclusion bodies in fetal lung, liver and thymus

paired serology: rapid titer increase

85
Q

EHV-1 vaccine?

A

yes - killed product for pregnant mares

86
Q

manage mares to dec EHV-1?

A

separate preg mares from other stock
vaccinate
maintain preg mares in small groups to dec impact if outbreak

87
Q

t/f

the doe has a high incidence of abortion relative to other farm animals

A

true

88
Q

in doe, what etiology is 1* cause of abortions?

A

bacT and protozoa

over virus

89
Q

in doe, abortion occurs d/t what processes?

A

placentitis -> fetal infection

severe maternal dz -> luteolysis

90
Q

t/f

most etiologies of abortion in doe are not zoonotic

A

false

most are zoonotic

91
Q

in the ewe, are most etiologies of abortions zoonotic?

A

yes

92
Q

what is an acceptable background rate of abortions in ewe?

A

2%

93
Q

what rate of abortions in ewes causes concern?

A

over 5%

94
Q

about what % of abortions in cattle are d/t bacT?

A

about 55%

95
Q

what are 2 factors in cattle pregnancy that make fetus and placenta susceptible to bacT infection?

A
  • immature fetal immune sys

- immuno-suppression at fetal-maternal jxn of placenta

96
Q

in cattle, how are mycotic etiologies of abortion spread?

A

inhalation and ingestion

97
Q

what is etiology of mycotic abortion in cattle?

A

sporadic occurrences

98
Q

what is the offending organism MC in mycotic abortion in cattle?

A

aspergillus fumigatus

moreriella wolfi

99
Q

c/s of mycotic abortion in cattle?

A

severe placentitis
fungal dermatitis in fetus
post abortion pneumonia and death in the dam in morteriella wolfi

100
Q

dx of mycotic abortion?

A

isolate organism

demonstrate fungal hyphae

101
Q

what organism causes leptospirosis in south american camelids?

A

L. interrogans serotype grippotyphosa

102
Q

source of lepto infection in camelids?

A

livestock
contaminated environment
urine of chronic shedders in camelid herd

103
Q

repro consequences of lepto in camelids?

A

infertility/subfertility
abortion
stillbirth
maybe retained fetal membranes

104
Q

dx lepto in camelids?

A

organism in urine or tissues via FA, PCR, silver stain

serology: acute and convalescent titers 14 days aprat

105
Q

px lepto in camelids?

A

limit contact w rodents and wildlife
vacc in contact dogs
vacc in endemic areas and where risk factors exist

106
Q

tx lepto in camelids?

A

abx (pen) to chronic shedders

107
Q

repro consequences of BVDV in camelids?

A

early fetal loss
abortion
stillbirth
birth of persistently infected (PI) crias

108
Q

herd testing for BVDV in camelids?

A

blood samples for PCR and serology

if pos test results, retest those individuals in 3-4 wks

109
Q

t/f

vacc against BVDV using cattle products is an effective preventative measure to take in BVDV?

A

false

110
Q

MC cause of canine abortion?

mechanisms?

A

infectious agents

  • direct infection of fetus via viremia or bacteremia
  • placentitis -> impaired feto-maternal exchange of nutrients, wastes, etc
111
Q

signs in preg bitch that suggest infectious agent that might affect the fetuses and placentas?

A

inappetance
depression
fever
vomit, diarrhea

112
Q

t/f

relatively severe systemic illness that does not directly involve repro tract/illness/placentae in a preg bitch often do result in preg loss

A

false

systemic dz that makes her sick is unlikely to cause abortion

113
Q

trans of brucella canis in dog?

A

shed in urine, vaginal discharge, aborted tissue, semen

ingestion, inhalation, venereal routes

114
Q

c/s of brucella in bitch?

A

stud dog: epididymitis, scrotal dermatitis

bitch: late term abortion, embryonic mortality, resorption

general: lymphadenitis, discospondylitis, uveitis
no symptoms

115
Q

findings of brucella in aborted fetus?

A

partial autolysis
lesions consistent w generalized bacT infections -> sub Q edema, degenerative lesion of liver/spleen/kidney/SI

serosaanguinous to brown vulvar discharge up to 6 wks post partum

116
Q

definitive dx of brucella in a bitch?

A

isolate organism from blood, lnn, infected tissues or discharges [gold standard]

most accurate during first 8 wks post infection

117
Q

what type of serology test is used as a screening tool for brucella in bitches?

A
  • rapid slide/card agglutination test - but cross reactivity w cell wall Ags of other spp

enhance test w addition of 2-ME
if pos: add another test method to conform
if neg: repeat in 2-6 wks to r/o early infection

118
Q

what test detects cytoplasmic Ag of brucella canis?

what does a pos test indicate?

A

ADIG - agar gell immunodiffusion test

positive is condidered confirmatory

119
Q

suggested Tx and management?

A

castrate / ovariohysterectomy
abx

BEST OPTION: euthanasia

120
Q

why is euthanisa the best option in brucella positive dog?

A

high zoonotic risk

121
Q

management of brucella outbreak in dog breeding kennel?

A
  • confirm dz pos
  • quarantine kennel
  • ID and cull sources of infection: repeat monthly testing
  • implement biosecurity and testing measures to px additional outbreaks

state vet runs the show!

122
Q

what virus in the bitch is endemic to many colonies but can lead to preg loss?

A

canine herpes virus 1a

123
Q

trans of canine herpes virus 1a?

A

via direct contact w respiratory or genital secretions

124
Q

mech of offspring infection in canine herpes virus 1a?

A
  • transplacental: fetal viremia -> early fetal death w resorption, abortion, stillburth
  • latent virus re activated in preg bitch: shedding in genital secretions -> pups infected at birth
125
Q

what are possible outcomes of puppies from bitches with canine herpes virus 1a?

A
  • weak neonates - fading puppies
  • inc neonatal mortality in 1st wk
  • survive to become carriers
126
Q

tx of canine herpes virus 1a?

A

supportive care

anti virals are expensive and not effective

127
Q

px canine herpes virus 1 a infection in puppies?

A
  • keep puppies warm - low body temp favors viral rep in puppies
  • isolate aborting bitches
  • dispose of abortuses appropriately
  • no vacc available in US
128
Q

dx canine herpes virus 1a?

A

IFA demonstration of viral Ag or intra nuclear inclusion bodies in fetal and/or placental tissues

129
Q

MC etiology classification of abortion in queen?

A

viral

IP 11 Theriogenology (15 decks)

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