7. Adolescents development Flashcards
Link between family meals and obesity
Fewer family meals = increased risk of obesity
Define the shift in PA through adolescence
Not always mandatory PE classes in HS
Boys do more sports than girls
PA declines with age (less PA organized)
Consequence of decreased sleep on leptin levels
DECREASED leptin levels = feel hungrier thus eat more
Consequence of decreased sleep on ghrelin levels
INCREASED ghrelin = leading to hunger
Consequence of decreased sleep on BMI, appetite, and food intake
INCREASED BMI
Increased appetite
Increased food intake
Factors affecting puberty
Genetic
Biological
Stress
SES
Nutrition and diet
Exercise
% body fat
Chronic illness
Pubertal onset
19th century vs late 20th/21st century
16-17 yo and now 11-13yo
Determinant of puberty in girls
Age of menarche (1st menstrual cycle)
Obesity is associated with ___ menarche (early or late) in GIRLS
Early
Obesity is associated with ___ menarche (early or late) in BOYS
Later
Hit it 2 years later than girls
3 phases of puberty (Tanner)
Pre-puberty
In puberty
Completing puberty
Signs of pre-puberty girls vs boys
Girls: no signs
Boys: high voice + no signs
Signs of in puberty girls vs boys
Girls: any breast enlargement + pubic or axillary hair
Boys:
- slight deepening of the voice
- early pubic or axillary hair
- enlargement of testes or penis
Signs of completing puberty girls vs boys
Girls: started periods with signs of dev.
Boys:
- voice fully broken
- facial hair
- adult size of penis with pubic and axillary hair
3 hormones that play a big role in puberty
Hypothalamic
Pituitary
Gonadal (HPG) axis
hormone responsible for hair growth
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
hormone responsible for testosterone in males
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
2 female hormones
Estrogen
Progesterone
Hormonal changes - GH
Increased
Hormonal changes - Liver lipolysis
Increase
Hormonal changes - FFA
Increase
Hormonal changes - Insulin sensitivity
Decreased (about 30%)
Hormonal changes - Females specific
Estrogen increases fat deposition (peripherally)
Hormonal changes - Males specifically
Testosterone increases FFM
Fat cell number and size - female
Body getting ready to conceive so BIGGER and MORE fat cells
Fat distribution - sex differences - Males
Men have less fat mass but increased cardio-metabolic risk because more viscerous fat
Define age of delayed onset of puberty
The absence of secondary sexual characteristics by age of 13 in girls or 16 in boys
2 types of delayed onset of puberty
Constitutional growth delay (CGD) - temporary
Underlying medical condition - diabtes, CF, kidney disease…
How do we treat severely delayed/absent puberty?
Hormone replacement therapy
Define precocious puberty
The appearance of secondary sexual characteristics before the age of 8 in girls and 9 in boys
4 types of precocious puberty
Central precocious - normally but too soon (tumor or hypothyroidism)
Peripheral precocious - idiopathic
Isosexual PP
Contra-sexual PP
PP risk factors
Females more than males
Obesity
Family hx
Exposure to sex hormones (creams)
Medical condition
Blue light
Race (affects afro-american more)
PP complications
Short height (appear tall but bones mature sooner = shorter stature)
Social and emotional issues
