7. Adolescents development

Question 1

Link between family meals and obesity

Answer 1

Fewer family meals = increased risk of obesity

Question 2

Define the shift in PA through adolescence

Answer 2

Not always mandatory PE classes in HS
Boys do more sports than girls
PA declines with age (less PA organized)

Question 3

Consequence of decreased sleep on leptin levels

Answer 3

DECREASED leptin levels = feel hungrier thus eat more

Question 4

Consequence of decreased sleep on ghrelin levels

Answer 4

INCREASED ghrelin = leading to hunger

Question 5

Consequence of decreased sleep on BMI, appetite, and food intake

Answer 5

INCREASED BMI
Increased appetite
Increased food intake

Question 6

Factors affecting puberty

Answer 6

Genetic
Biological
Stress
SES
Nutrition and diet
Exercise
% body fat
Chronic illness

Question 7

Pubertal onset
19th century vs late 20th/21st century

Answer 7

16-17 yo and now 11-13yo

Question 8

Determinant of puberty in girls

Answer 8

Age of menarche (1st menstrual cycle)

Question 9

Obesity is associated with ___ menarche (early or late) in GIRLS

Answer 9

Early

Question 10

Obesity is associated with ___ menarche (early or late) in BOYS

Answer 10

Later
Hit it 2 years later than girls

Question 11

3 phases of puberty (Tanner)

Answer 11

Pre-puberty
In puberty
Completing puberty

Question 12

Signs of pre-puberty girls vs boys

Answer 12

Girls: no signs
Boys: high voice + no signs

Question 13

Signs of in puberty girls vs boys

Answer 13

Girls: any breast enlargement + pubic or axillary hair
Boys:
- slight deepening of the voice
- early pubic or axillary hair
- enlargement of testes or penis

Question 14

Signs of completing puberty girls vs boys

Answer 14

Girls: started periods with signs of dev.
Boys:
- voice fully broken
- facial hair
- adult size of penis with pubic and axillary hair

Question 15

3 hormones that play a big role in puberty

Answer 15

Hypothalamic
Pituitary
Gonadal (HPG) axis

Question 16

hormone responsible for hair growth

Answer 16

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 17

hormone responsible for testosterone in males

Answer 17

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 18

2 female hormones

Answer 18

Estrogen
Progesterone

Question 19

Hormonal changes - GH

Answer 19

Increased

Question 20

Hormonal changes - Liver lipolysis

Answer 20

Increase

Question 21

Hormonal changes - FFA

Answer 21

Increase

Question 22

Hormonal changes - Insulin sensitivity

Answer 22

Decreased (about 30%)

Question 23

Hormonal changes - Females specific

Answer 23

Estrogen increases fat deposition (peripherally)

Question 24

Hormonal changes - Males specifically

Answer 24

Testosterone increases FFM

Question 25

Fat cell number and size - female

Answer 25

Body getting ready to conceive so BIGGER and MORE fat cells

Question 26

Fat distribution - sex differences - Males

Answer 26

Men have less fat mass but increased cardio-metabolic risk because more viscerous fat

Question 27

Define age of delayed onset of puberty

Answer 27

The absence of secondary sexual characteristics by age of 13 in girls or 16 in boys

Question 28

2 types of delayed onset of puberty

Answer 28

Constitutional growth delay (CGD) - temporary
Underlying medical condition - diabtes, CF, kidney disease…

Question 29

How do we treat severely delayed/absent puberty?

Answer 29

Hormone replacement therapy

Question 30

Define precocious puberty

Answer 30

The appearance of secondary sexual characteristics before the age of 8 in girls and 9 in boys

Question 31

4 types of precocious puberty

Answer 31

Central precocious - normally but too soon (tumor or hypothyroidism)
Peripheral precocious - idiopathic
Isosexual PP
Contra-sexual PP

Question 32

PP risk factors

Answer 32

Females more than males
Obesity
Family hx
Exposure to sex hormones (creams)
Medical condition
Blue light
Race (affects afro-american more)

Question 33

PP complications

Answer 33

Short height (appear tall but bones mature sooner = shorter stature)
Social and emotional issues