3. Prenatal developmental concern Flashcards
What do you think can affect intra-uterine growth and birth rate? Name determinants
Nutrition (mother’s and baby’s)
Cigarettes
Drugs and prescribed medication
Genetics
Disease
Exercise
Age
Stress
Sleep
Alcohol
Weight of the mother (weight taken vs weight before)
Parity (number of pregnancies)
SES
Prior low birth weight infant
Infant sex
Ethnicity/race (plays role on weight)
What is the weight to be considered low birth weight?
5 lbs 8 oz or less than 2,500gram
Two distinct groups of low birth weight
Pre-term = physiological immaturity
Small for date = intrauterine retardation or fetal growth restriction
Low birth weight impact on postnatal growth (2 possible consequences)
- Shorter status during childhood and at maturity
- Possible deficiencies in neuromuscular coordination and power
Most common cause of spontaneous abortion
Chromosomal abnormalities
Indicates an abnormal condition present at birth
Congenital malformations
Which period is most critical with respect to genetic malformations?
EMBRYO
Causal agents of congenital malformations
Trauma, chemicals or therapeutic drugs
Radiation, infections, hypoxia
Maternal metabolic imbalances
Maternal substance abuse
3 components of prenatal nutrition
Placental
Fetal
Maternal factors
Placental factors relate to
Circulation and transport of nutrients from placenta to fetus
Fetal factors relate to
Utilization of available nutrients
Maternal factors relate to
Mother’s overall nutritional status
Adequacy of energy and nutrient intake + weight gain during pregnancy
What is a teratogens?
An environmental agent that causes harm to the embryo or fetus
Teratogens amount of harm is a function of
Baby’s genetic makeup
Amount of exposure
Time/duration of exposure
Maternal smoking only affects prenatally?
NON
Effects on physical development continue postnatally
70g to 210g (0.7cm to 1.0cm)
Maternal alcohol consumption is associated with 3 consequences
- Fetal growth restriction
- Abnormal facial development
- Impairment of the CNS
Dose-response effect of maternal alcohol consumption
Less than 2 drinks per day = 65 g weight loss
More than 2 drinks per day = 150 g weight loss
What is FAS and ARND?
FAS = Fetal alcohol syndrome
ARND = Alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorders
Name other susbtances that can be abused by pregnant woman + dose
Caffeine - 4 cups per day
Cocaine - 500 g
Heroin - 600g
Methadone - 350g
Moderate exercise is bad for the baby
NON
- has no negative effect on fetal dev.
- positive for the mother
Guidelines for exercise during pregnancy - when to start
first trimester, more than 12 weeks of gestation
Guidelines for exercise during pregnancy - when to end
Until delivery (as tolerated)
What is FOAD?
Fetal origins of adult diseases
FOAD hypothesis
Events that happen very early in fetal development can have a profound impact on the risk for incurring disease as an adult
Genetic factors - name 2
Chromosome disorders
Gene-based disorders
3 types of gene-based disorders
Phenylketonuria = intellectual disability, seizures, behavioral problems, mental disorders, musty odor
Cystic fibrosis
Sickle cell disease and Trait
2 examples of genetic testing
Fetal ultrasound
Maternal blood testing
Reflexes that are critical to ensuring nourishment and protection
Primitive reflexes
Reflexes that are considered the basis for more complex voluntary movement of later infancy
Postural reflexes
Infant reflexes disappear by what age
By end of the first year
Name the 3 infant reflexes known
- Sucking
- Search or rooting
- Labyrinthine
role of the primitive reflexes
Ensure survival (suppressed by 6 months of age)
Where are the primitive reflexes produced?
Produced SUBCORTICALLY
Name some of the postural reflexes
- Swimming
- Head-righting
- Labyrinthine
- Crawling
- Pull-up
- Parachuting down
- Stepping
- Body-righthing
- Side
- Back
Where are postural reflexes produced?
Cortically, higher brain centers
Some are considered precursors to complex movement
2 most commonly used reflexes for diagnosis
Moro reflex
Assymmetrical tonic neck reflex
Fluctuations from the normal timeline of reflexes appearance/disappearance is common
TRUE, only severe deviations may indicate a problem
What are stereotypies?
Are rhythmic, patterned, centrally controlled movement behavior of infancy apparently not learned through imitation or a consequence of external stimuli.
