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EXCI 458 - PEDS > 3. Prenatal developmental concern > Flashcards

3. Prenatal developmental concern Flashcards

1
Q

What do you think can affect intra-uterine growth and birth rate? Name determinants

A

Nutrition (mother’s and baby’s)
Cigarettes
Drugs and prescribed medication
Genetics
Disease
Exercise
Age
Stress
Sleep
Alcohol
Weight of the mother (weight taken vs weight before)
Parity (number of pregnancies)
SES
Prior low birth weight infant
Infant sex
Ethnicity/race (plays role on weight)

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2
Q

What is the weight to be considered low birth weight?

A

5 lbs 8 oz or less than 2,500gram

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3
Q

Two distinct groups of low birth weight

A

Pre-term = physiological immaturity
Small for date = intrauterine retardation or fetal growth restriction

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4
Q

Low birth weight impact on postnatal growth (2 possible consequences)

A
  • Shorter status during childhood and at maturity
  • Possible deficiencies in neuromuscular coordination and power
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5
Q

Most common cause of spontaneous abortion

A

Chromosomal abnormalities

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6
Q

Indicates an abnormal condition present at birth

A

Congenital malformations

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7
Q

Which period is most critical with respect to genetic malformations?

A

EMBRYO

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8
Q

Causal agents of congenital malformations

A

Trauma, chemicals or therapeutic drugs
Radiation, infections, hypoxia
Maternal metabolic imbalances
Maternal substance abuse

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9
Q

3 components of prenatal nutrition

A

Placental
Fetal
Maternal factors

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10
Q

Placental factors relate to

A

Circulation and transport of nutrients from placenta to fetus

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11
Q

Fetal factors relate to

A

Utilization of available nutrients

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12
Q

Maternal factors relate to

A

Mother’s overall nutritional status
Adequacy of energy and nutrient intake + weight gain during pregnancy

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13
Q

What is a teratogens?

A

An environmental agent that causes harm to the embryo or fetus

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14
Q

Teratogens amount of harm is a function of

A

Baby’s genetic makeup
Amount of exposure
Time/duration of exposure

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15
Q

Maternal smoking only affects prenatally?

A

NON
Effects on physical development continue postnatally
70g to 210g (0.7cm to 1.0cm)

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16
Q

Maternal alcohol consumption is associated with 3 consequences

A
  • Fetal growth restriction
  • Abnormal facial development
  • Impairment of the CNS
17
Q

Dose-response effect of maternal alcohol consumption

A

Less than 2 drinks per day = 65 g weight loss
More than 2 drinks per day = 150 g weight loss

18
Q

What is FAS and ARND?

A

FAS = Fetal alcohol syndrome
ARND = Alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorders

19
Q

Name other susbtances that can be abused by pregnant woman + dose

A

Caffeine - 4 cups per day
Cocaine - 500 g
Heroin - 600g
Methadone - 350g

20
Q

Moderate exercise is bad for the baby

A

NON
- has no negative effect on fetal dev.
- positive for the mother

21
Q

Guidelines for exercise during pregnancy - when to start

A

first trimester, more than 12 weeks of gestation

22
Q

Guidelines for exercise during pregnancy - when to end

A

Until delivery (as tolerated)

23
Q

What is FOAD?

A

Fetal origins of adult diseases

24
Q

FOAD hypothesis

A

Events that happen very early in fetal development can have a profound impact on the risk for incurring disease as an adult

25
Q

Genetic factors - name 2

A

Chromosome disorders
Gene-based disorders

26
Q

3 types of gene-based disorders

A

Phenylketonuria = intellectual disability, seizures, behavioral problems, mental disorders, musty odor
Cystic fibrosis
Sickle cell disease and Trait

27
Q

2 examples of genetic testing

A

Fetal ultrasound
Maternal blood testing

28
Q

Reflexes that are critical to ensuring nourishment and protection

A

Primitive reflexes

29
Q

Reflexes that are considered the basis for more complex voluntary movement of later infancy

A

Postural reflexes

30
Q

Infant reflexes disappear by what age

A

By end of the first year

31
Q

Name the 3 infant reflexes known

A
  • Sucking
  • Search or rooting
  • Labyrinthine
32
Q

role of the primitive reflexes

A

Ensure survival (suppressed by 6 months of age)

33
Q

Where are the primitive reflexes produced?

A

Produced SUBCORTICALLY

34
Q

Name some of the postural reflexes

A
  • Swimming
  • Head-righting
  • Labyrinthine
  • Crawling
  • Pull-up
  • Parachuting down
  • Stepping
  • Body-righthing
  • Side
  • Back
35
Q

Where are postural reflexes produced?

A

Cortically, higher brain centers
Some are considered precursors to complex movement

36
Q

2 most commonly used reflexes for diagnosis

A

Moro reflex
Assymmetrical tonic neck reflex

37
Q

Fluctuations from the normal timeline of reflexes appearance/disappearance is common

A

TRUE, only severe deviations may indicate a problem

38
Q

What are stereotypies?

A

Are rhythmic, patterned, centrally controlled movement behavior of infancy apparently not learned through imitation or a consequence of external stimuli.

EXCI 458 - PEDS (17 decks)

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