13. Obesity Flashcards
How is obesity measured?
Age and BMI
In what percentile is a child considered overweight?
85th to 96th
In what percentile is a child considered obese?
97th+
Compare 1981 boy to 2007-2009 boy
Increased height
Increased weight (14 lbs)
Increased BMI
Increased hip and waist circumference
Decreased grip strength
Decreased sit-and-reach
Compare 1981 girl vs 2007-2009 girl
Same as boy
Everything increased
Decreased strength and flexibility
___% children and adolescents classified as having overweight or obesity worldwide
31.5%
Causes of childhood obesity according to International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) 2004
- ↑ use of motorized transport
- decreased opportunities for recreational PA
- ↑ sedentary recreation
- 24h/7 TV
- ↑ quantity and variety of energy-dense foods available
- ↑ promotion and marketing of energy-dense foods
- ↑ frequency/opportunities to purchase food
- ↑ use of restaurants and fast foods
- larger portions, better ‘‘value’’
- ↑ number of eating occasions
- water being replaced
Developmental stages where physiological alterations ↑ risk of obesity (3)
1) Prenatal
2) Adiposity rebound (5.5 yo or earlier)
3) Adolescence
Causes of childhood obesity - weak evidence for which 4 things
- Calcium insufficiency
- Increased maternal age
- Breastfeeding
- Endocrine disruptors
Consequence of mothers with OW/OB
Birth larger babies
Fetal BW track into adulthood
Consequence of excessive gestational weight gain
↑ maternal postpartum weight retention
2 consequences of maternal and fetal health compromised
Mom ↑ risk for gestational diabetes, T2D, CVD
Baby ↑ risk for obesity & CVD as kids
Likelihood of having a large baby: obese, overweight vs smoking
Obese and overweight are more likely to have large babies
Smoking is more likely to have a small baby
What are the 3 cases associated with greater risk of childhood obesity intergenerational cycle of obesity throughout the lifespan?
- Higher pre-pregnancy weight
- Excessive gestational weight gain
- Babies born LGA
Obesity causes in the family
Genetic, social factors **
Parental obesity
Family meals
Family PA patterns
Family lifestyle
Obesity causes at school
PE
Food environments
School lunch programs
Weight based teasing
What happens during adolescence that could increase the risk of obesity?
- Change in diet and behavior
- Puberty
- Change in quantity and distribution of fat
- Decrease in PA/decrease fitness
- Change in circadian rhythm
Children as young as ___ are victim of weight based teasing
3 to 5 yo
Most frequent source of weight bias described by adults?
Employment discrimitation
Excess SSB (sugar sweetened beverage) associate with 3 consequences:
- Increase energy intake
- High in fructose corn syrup ( ↑ lipogenesis, inhibit satiety signals)
- ↑ risk of weight gain
Important points of food marketing
Children view 15-20 ads per hour (3 out of 4 are for unhealthy food)
WHO recommendation
'’Setting where children gather should be free from all forms of marketing foods high in saturated fats, trans-fatty acids, free sugars or salt.’’
United Nations recommendation
Recommended action on marketing and advertising to children
What is good about the province of quebec in term of marketing for children?
Quebec Consumer Protection Act = prohibits all commercial advertising to children specifically during peak viewing times
Consequence of obesity on quality of life
Often experience depression
Low self-esteem
Quality of life of obese children is similar to who
Kids undergoing chemotherapy
Is there a ‘‘safe’’ time to carry excess weight? why?
NON
the effects of obesity on our system begins in childhood, not adulthood
consequences appear later in life
Recommended wording: how to name it?
Ask or Person-first
ex: Person living with obesity instead of obese child
