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Daily Flashcard Quizzes > 7/23 > Flashcards

7/23 Flashcards

1
Q

which type of Rh immunoglobulin is given to Rr(-) pregnant women at 28 weeks and immediately postpartum

A

IgG anti-Rh(D) antibodies

anti-Rh antibodies bind to Rh-positive fetal RBCs that enter maternal circulation, and prevent interaction w/ maternal immune system via sequestration and elimination using spleen.

it does not cause a significant effect on the baby/hemolysis because the quantity is very small compared to a normal immunologic reaction

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2
Q

which complement and immunoglobulin are opsonizers

A

Complement 3b

IgG

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3
Q

what are the neoplastic vs non-neoplastic colonic polyps:

A

Neoplastic:
serrated
adenomatous
(villous > tubular)

Non-neoplastic:
hyperplastic
submucosal
mucosal
inflammatory
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4
Q

what’s the overarching problem in Alzheimer’s

A

decreased levels of ACh in the nucleus basalis of Meynert and hippocampus

Diminished activity of choline acetyltransferase is the cause

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5
Q

what’s the cause of Parkinson’s

A

loss of Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra

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6
Q

what’s the cause of panic attacks and panic disorder

A

locus ceruleus in the caudal pontine central gray matter

contains a large amount of NE

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7
Q

what’s the cause of Huntington

A

atrophy of the nucleus caudates

NMDA receptors are depleted in the striatum of these pts

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8
Q

what is implicated in pathogenesis of anorexia, depression, and sleep disorder

A

The Raphe nuclei form the medial part of the brainstem’s reticular formation (medulla, pons, and midbrain)

many neurons here are serotonergic, and
serotonin is implicated in the pathogenesis of all these

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9
Q

which disorder has
capillary hemangiomas in retina or cerebellum
congenital cysts or neoplasms in kidney, liver, and pancreas
at risk for RCC, which can be bilateral

A

VHL

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10
Q

which disorder has peripheral nervous system tumors

neurofibromas, optic nerve gliomas, Lisch nodules, and cafe au lait spots

A

NF 1 Von Recklinghausen’s

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11
Q

which disorder is a dominant NS tumor syndrome, with bilateral CN8 schwannomas and multiple meningiomas

A

NF 2

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12
Q

which disorder is a rare conengital neurocutaneous disorder w/ cutaneous facial angiomas, leptomeningeal angiomas, skin involvement around the trigeminal nerve distribution, mental retardation, seizures, hemiplegia, and skull radio opacities

A

Sturge Weber

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13
Q

which disorder has characteristic “tram track” calcifications on skull

A

Sturge Weber

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14
Q

what disorder has cutaneous angiofibromas, visceral cysts, variety of hamartomas, renal angiomyolipomas, cardiac rhabdomyomas, and commonly seizures

A

Tuberous Sclerosis

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15
Q

what disorder is the auto dominant inheritance of congenital telangiectasis

A

Osler Weber Rendu syndrome

AKA hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia

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16
Q

what type of gallbladder finding is common in critically ill pts

A

acute acalculous cholecystitis

it’s due to gallbladder stasis and ischemia

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17
Q

which malaria strains have the hypozoites

A

P vivid and P ovale

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18
Q

how do you treat malaria hypnozoites

A

Primaquine

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19
Q

what are transcription regulators that play a role in segmental organization of an embryo along its cranio-caudal axis

A

Homeobox genes- HOX gene

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20
Q

how does ARDS happen in sepsis

A

fluid accumulation in the alveolar spaces

the circulating cytokines active pulmonary epithelium and provoke inflammatory response mediated by neutrophils, which causes capillary damage an leakage of protein and fluid into alveolar space

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21
Q

what is c-Myc’s function in Burkitt lymphoma

A

transcription activator

it gets translocated 8;14 and over expressed on chromosome 14

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22
Q

what stain do you use to evaluate Whipple disease

A

PAS

there’s glycoprotein in the cell walls of Trophyeryma whipplli

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23
Q

which cancer is most common in a female never-smoker

A

adenocarcinoma

it’s also the most common type in the general population

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24
Q

what is the psoas sign

A

inflammation/pain when the hip is extended

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25
Q

what do you treat MRSA with in a pt who has an allergy to Vancomycin

A

daptomycin

risk of myopathy and CPK elevation

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26
Q

which types of muscle cells do Calmodulin and myosin light chain kinase work in

A

smooth muscle cells

27
Q

what does the contractile mechanism in skeletal muscle depend on

A

proteins including myosin II, tropomyosin, and troponin

and Ca ions

28
Q

what is the mechanism of a AAA?

A

chronic transmural inflammation
that leads to release of matrix metalloporteinases and elastase that degrade extracellular matrix components, leading to weakening and progressive expansion of the aortic wall

(an intimal tear is pathology of aortic dissection)

29
Q

what is the obstruction in HOCM?

A

anterior mitral leaflet shifts towards inter ventricular septum during contraction causing an obstruction of the aortic valve route

30
Q

what lab findings go with lactase deficiency

A

increased breath hydrogen
reduced stool pH
elevated stool osmolality

31
Q

what is elevated in biliary and liver disease, but not bone?

A

Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase

get this 2nd if you have an elevated Alk Phos- it is most helpful in evaluating biliary tract (since alk phos is elevated in both bone and liver problems)

32
Q

what are the 2 primary sources of alk phos

A

bone and liver

33
Q

what is bilirubin helpful for

A

distinguishing hemolytic conditions from hepatic dysfunction

34
Q

what is differential clubbing and cyanosis without blood pressure or pulse discrepancy pathognomonic for?

A

large Patent ductus arteriosus complicated by Eisenmenger syndrome

(all the other septal defects will have upper and lower body cyanosis equally)

35
Q

what disorder is associated with meconium ileus vs Hirschsprung?

A

Meconium ileus: Cystic Fibrosis

Hirschsprung: Down syndrome

36
Q

where is the obstruction in Meconium Ileus vs Hirschsprung disease?

A

Meconium ileus: ileum

Hirschsprung: retrosigmoid colon

37
Q

what does the meconium consistency look like in Meconium ileus vs Hirschsprung?

A

Meconium ileus: inspissated (“green, dehydrated meconium mass” 2/2 viscous mucus) with a negative squirt sign

Hirschsprung: normal meconium with a positive squirt sign

38
Q

what is the common cause of selective albuminuria

A

minimal change disease

systemic T cell dysfunction produces glomerular permeability factor, which causes podocyt foot process fusion and decreases anionic properties of the glomerular BM.
loss of negative charge leads to selective albuminuria

39
Q

what presents with proximal muscle weakness, cranial nerve involvement (diplopia), and autonomic symptoms (impotence), and (almost half have) a malignancy (like small cell lung cancer)?

A

Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome

40
Q

what causes the neuropsych problems associated with Wilson’s disease

A

basal ganglia atrophy

41
Q

what is primary adrenaocortical insuffiencey a problem with vs secondary?

A 
primary: problem with adrenal cortex, with
high ACTH (skin pigmentation)

secondary: pituitary or hypothalamus not producing ACTH

42
Q

what does a pt have with multiple fractures, bruising from different stages (thin dermis), thin sclera, and involvement of bones of inner ear?

A

osteogenesis imperfecta

43
Q

what vasculitis is associated with Hep B

A

Polyarteritis nodosa

44
Q

what vasculitis should you think of in a young adult Male with multi-organ involvement? thrombi, transmural inflammation of small/medium vessels, and fibrinoid necrosis or fibrotic thickening

A

polyarteritis nodosa

45
Q

which embryologic cells contribute to the peripheral NS?

A

neural crest

46
Q

what happens to arteriolar diameter in hypoxia?

A

hypoxic vasodilation!! (the only exception is in the lungs)

it’s an attempt to deliver more O₂ to tissue

this means low PVR

your cardiac output and venous return increase

47
Q

what kind of injury causes Klumpke palsy, and what is it

A

injury to lower trunk of brachial plexus

trying to grab onto a tree to break a fall

causes total claw hand of all fingers

48
Q

which kidney segment has a brush border

A

proximal convoluted tubule

49
Q

what presents with hyper pigmented skin lesions and hamartomas of the GI tract?

A

Peutz Jeghers syndrome

50
Q

what do many chronic pancreatitis pts eventually develop

A

diabetes mellitus

you’re destroying your islet cells, usually by alcoholism

51
Q

what is the progression of MS plaques?

A

acute plaques:
lymphohistiocytic infiltration and active digestion of myelin

inflammation and myelin degeneration diminishes as the plaque gets older, but the plaque is transformed into gliosis via hyperplasia and hypertrophy of astrocytes

axons are relatively reserved, but oligodendroglial cells are greatly diminished

52
Q

what happens to lung status in pneumonia

A

you get a significant V/Q mismatch:

blood flow to involved/inflammed lung increases (increases Q)

airflow into the involved part of the lung is compromised with alveolar fluid (decreases V)

the hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction doesn’t really apply in pneumonia pts

53
Q

what thyroid cancer aspiration presents with cell clusters with fibrous stroma, blood vessels, and psammoma bodies

A

papillary carcinoma

most common, excellent prognosis

54
Q

what’s first line tx in traveler’s diarrhea after supportive care?

A

fluoroquinolones

55
Q

what do ADH and Fractional Na excretion (FENa) levels look like in a pre renal failure pt vs ATN pt with AKI?

A

prerenal failure:
high ADH
<1% FENa
(low blood supply to kidney/hypotension)

ATN:
low ADH
>2% FENa

56
Q

what are the antibodies in T1DM directed against

A

glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65), an enzyme present in beta cells

57
Q

what is the primary ketone form in T1DM?

A

beta-hydroxybutyrate

58
Q

which tumors compress vertical gaze center in the midbrain

A

pinealomas

59
Q

what is it called when you have eye movement and pupil dysfunction like vertical gaze palsy and light-near dissociation?

A

Parinaud syndrome

commonly 2/2 pinealoma

60
Q

which disorder has excessive attention seeking and inability to maintain long-term relationships? may dress excessively or be provocative

A

histrionic

61
Q

which disorder has unstable relationships and tendency to self-harm, impulsivity, suicidality, emptiness, Female>Male

A

Borderline

62
Q

which coping mechanism does Borderline often use

A

splitting (all good or all bad)

63
Q

which disorder is submissive and clingy, often in abusive relationships?

A

dependent

64
Q

which disorder re-directs unacceptable behaviors to acceptable ones?

A

sublimation

Daily Flashcard Quizzes (21 decks)

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