7/22 Flashcards by lehe0943

what cancers does Lynch Syndrome give you, and what genes?

colorectal
endometrial
ovarian

MSH2
MLH1
MSH6
PMS2

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what cancers does FAP give you, and what gene?

colorectal
desmoids and osteomas
brain tumors

APC

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what cancers does VHL give you and and what gene?

hemangioblastomas
renal clear cell carcinoma
pheochromocytoma

VHL

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what cancers does Li Fraumeni syndrome give you, and what gene?

sarcomas
breast cancer
brain tumors
adrenocortical carcinoma
leukemia

tp53

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which nerves carry the afferent and efferent limbs of the carotid sinus reflex

afferent: glossopharyngeal
efferent: parasympathetic vagus

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which molecule recognizes stop codons

Releasing Factor 1

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what are efficacy and potency of drugs

efficacy is the “vertical” measure- % of maximal effect

potency is the “horizontal” measure-what doses are required to reach the same height on the graph

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what is Sirolimus’s MOA

inhibits mTOR, which blocks IL-2 and prevents cell cycle progression and lymphocyte proliferation

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what can cause a dilated coronary sinus

pulmonary HTN,

leading to elevated Right heart pressures

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which pharyngeal pouch does the thymus come from

3rd pharyngeal pouch (with the inferior parathyroids)

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what TB drug has to be processed by mycobacterial catalase peroxidase in order to be activated

isoniazid

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what do you classically on crohn’s histology

noncaseating granulomas and transmural inflammation

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which renal pathology causes selective loss of albumin in urine

minimal change disease

caused by loss of anion properties of the glomerular BM

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which disease has autoimmune destruction of intrahepatic, interlobular bile ducts by granulomatous inflammation

PBC

typically presents w/ pruritus and fatigue in middle aged F

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which lung exposure die you pleural thickening and calcified lesions on diaphragm etc?

asbestos

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what 2 lab values will be elevated in a neural tube defect

AchE and AFP

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what does dermatomyositis have a strong association with

malignancy, including lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancers

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what is apolipoprotein E4 genotype associated with

Late-onset Alzheimer’s

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what are the 3 gene mutations associated with early-onset Alzheimer’s

APP (chromosome 21)
Presenilin 1
Presenilin 2

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what disease presents with tinnitus, vertigo, and sensorineural hearing loss

Meniere’s disease

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what causes Meniere’s disease

increased pressure and volume of endolymph

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what are occupational exposures to rubber, aromatic dyes, textiles, and leather a risk factor for

transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

what cells are neurofibromas and NF’s associated with

neural crest cells

what are tazobactam, clavulanate, and sulbactam MOA’s?

beta-lactamase inhibitors

prevent excessive destruction of the antibiotic they’re paired with

what vitamin can help treat measles

Vitamin A

what will constriction of efferent arteriole do to RPF and FF?

``` decrease RPF increase FF (by increasing GFR from back-up of fluid and increase of hydrostatic pressure) ```

what is Trastuzumab's MOA?

monoclonal antibody that binds to a portion of HER2 and prevents activation of tyrosine kinase, which will promote apoptosis

when do you give an ER modulator vs an aromatase inhibitor for breast cancer

SERM: tamoxifen premenopausal pts Aromatase inhibitor: anastrozole, letrozole postmenopausal pts

what is the buzzword for tissue transglutaminase

celiac disease

where is the best place to biopsy for celiac disease and crohn's?

celiac: duodenum crohns: terminal ileum

what is a collection of squamous cell debris that forms a mass behind the tympanic membrane of an ear called?

cholesteatoma

``` what does a young baby have with: pot-bellied pale puffy-faced protruding umbilical hernia Protuberant tongue Poor brain development ```

congenital hypothyroidism, "Cretinism" may be asymptomatic until maternal T4 wanes

what does stimulation of muscarinic receptors do to peripheral vasculature?

peripheral vasodilation this is because ACh or a cholinergic agonist will cause synthesis of NO in endothelial cells, which leads to vascular SM relaxation. muscarinic activation at other sites causes SM contraction

what renal vascular problem might you see after an invasive vascular procedure on a pt?

"cholesterol clefts in arterial lumen" the pt may have atheroembolic renal disease, which commonly involves kidneys. you're dislodging cholesterol-containing debris from the catheter procedure

what does carbon tetrachloride CCl4 poisoning cause?

free radical injury you'll see fatty change in a liver

what helps cells in the extracellular matrix bind to fibronectin, collagen, and laminin?

integrin

What are the 3 most common causes of acute pancreatitis

alcohol gallstones hypertriglyceridemia

what's the big risk in a subarachnoid hemorrhage pt for the next few days

vasospasm

which lymphoma presents with painless waxing and waning lymphadenopathy

follicular lymphoma

what do you characteristically see in pancreatic islet cells in a T2DM pt?

pancreatic islet amyloid deposition

what does NF-kB do?

it's a pro inflammatory transcription factor that produces cytokines can be impaired in Crohn's, so the intestinal microbes can induce an exaggerated response by the adaptive immune system, causing chronic GI inflammation

what are anti-centromere antibodies seen in

CREST syndrome (limited sclerodactyly)

what are all the antibodies that are specific for systemic sclerosis/CREST?

anti-DNA topoisomerase (Scl-70)

what do you see antiphospholipid antibodies in

SLE and | antiphospholipid antibody syndrome

what is important in calculating Cardiac output

CO = SV x HR CO = rate of O₂ consumption/ AV O₂ content difference

what is the most involved artery in atherosclerosis

abdominal aorta next is coronary arteries

what is a common cause of death in congenital long QT syndrome

V tach and sudden death

define "erosion"

mucosal defect that does NOT fully extend all the way through the muscularis mucosa, which is deep to mucosa and superficial to submucosa

what are CAAT and TATA boxes in DNA sequences?

they are the promoter sequences upstream of the start site, and they promote initiation of transcription (not enhancement)

what are diabetic pts most likely to die from

MI, coronary artery disease

what cancer do the owl eyes show up in

Hodgkin Lymphoma

what's the buzzword for Burkitt lymphoma

starry sky

which cells help make the non-caseating granulomas seen in Crohn's disease

Th1 cells they produce IL-2, IFN-gamma, and TNF