6th deck Flashcards by Philippa S

Tamm-Horsfall protein is secreted by what

Is secreted by renal tubular epithelial cells

evidence of epithelial regeneration

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Apoptosis is an important process during

organogenesis

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Definition atrophy

Atrophy is associated with a reduction in cell number and cell size

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Definition hypoplasia

failure to attain normal size during development

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Human chorionic gonadotrophin is a tumour marker for

Non-seminomatous testicular tumours

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when does re-epithelialisation occur in primary intention wound healing

24-48 hours

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miscarriage rate 25-29

11%m

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miscarriage rate 30-34

15%

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miscarrage rate 35-39

25%

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miscarriage rate 40-44

51%

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miscarriage rate >45

93%

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granulated cell containing histamine + heparin
IgE binds to release inflammatory mediatiors

mast cells

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1-3% WBC,
Granulated white blood cells with phagocytotic activity

eosinophils

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dimeric in secretions
15% of total immunoglobulins
6 day half life
activates compliment via alternative pathway
cannot cross placenta

Found in secretions - tears/saliva/mucus
LOCAL immunity

IgA

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% chance of fetal CMV if seroconversion

30%

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% chance of fetus being affected if CMV confirmed

20%

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% chance of neonatal infection if 2nd trimester infection CMV

10-15%

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Dopamine receptor agonist with high affinty for D2

Cabergoline

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Measurements of pelvic inlet
- anterior to posterior
- transverse
- oblique

AP 11
T 13
O 12

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Measurements of pelvic outlet
- AP
- T
- O

AP 13
T 11
O 12

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selective progesterone receptor modulator
emergency contraception

ulipristal acetate

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MOA mirabegron

selective beta 3 agonist

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MOA misoprostol

synthetic prostaglandin E1 analoge

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MOA azathioprine

inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis in all mitotic cells

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MOA methyldopa

alpha 2 adrenergic receptor agonist

MOA botox

inhibition release of acetylcholine

gram neg aerobic rods

pseudomonas aeruginosa

single stranded DNA

parovirus B19

double stranded DNA x6

Hep B CMV VZV herpes simplex 1 + 2 HPV Epstein Barr

calculate positive liklihood ratio

sensitivity / 1- specificity

0.5% -1% WBC inflammatory reactions - acute and chronic produces histamine and serotonin Granulocyte

Basophils

Receptor on Niave B cells 1% immunoglobulins cannot cross placenta

IgD

Monomer immediate hypersensitivity reaction sensitizes mast cells binds to macrophages and polymorphs does not activate compliment

IgE

Pentamer activates compliment and B cell receptors does NOT cross placenta 1st immunoglobulin synthesised

IgM

4 subtypes monomer crosses placenta rhesus disease 75% immunoglobulines activates antibody dependant cell mediated cytotoxicity + complimented

IgG

calculate sensitivity

TP /TP+FN x100

Oliohydramnios - AFI and DAFP

AFI <5cm DAFP <2

Polyhydramnious - AFT and DAFP

AFI >25cm. DAFP >8

MOA prochlorperazine

dopamine D2 receptor antagonist

MOA metoclopramide

Dopamine D2 + 5HT3 ant

Gene Alpha thallassaemia

Chromosome 16

Gene Beta and delta thalassaemia

Chromosome 11

SEM

standard deviation / square root (of sample)

Medication for hyperthyroidism in pregnancy

1) PROPYTHIOURACIL - 1st line 2) carbimazole - 2nd line

Neonatal mortality from herpes

30% disseminated herpes

Conditions that increase risk of phaechromocytoma

MEN2 paraganglioma syndrom 1/3/4 von hippel lindau neurofibromatosis type 1

Triple test

AFP, HcG, E3

Quad test

AFP, HcG, inhibin A, E3

Combined test

PAPP-A, HcG, US 11+2 --> 14+1

HbAS + HbA2 increased in what condition

sickle cell, autosomal recessive HbSS - homozygous HbAS - trait

Pelvic organ prolapse Grade 1

>1cm above hymen

Pelvic organ prolapse Grade 2

within 1cm of hymen (above/below)

Pelvic organ prolapse Grade 3

>1cm below hymen <2cm

Pelvic organ prolapse Grade 4

eversion

The nerve supply to pyramidalis muscle

T12 ORIGIN: Anterior surface of pubis INSERTION: Linea alba

What is the dermatome at the level of the transverse suprapubic incision

Anterior wall of the rectus sheath between the costal margin and the anterior superior iliac spine

Aponeuroses of external and internal oblique

Aboce costal margin anterior abdominal wall is what

Aponeurosis of external oblique

origin of illiacus muscle

illiac fossa

which nerve pieces the psoas major muscle

genitofemoral nerve

The blood supply to the rectus abdominis below the level of the umbilicus

Inferior epigastric artery

The nerve roots of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh

L2 and L3

The nerve supply to the skin over the femoral triangle

Ilioinguinal nerve

While performing laparoscopy, the lateral umbilical folds can be seen on the anterior abdominal wall in the adult. This structure contain

two lateral umbilical folds on the inferior epigastric vessels one median umbilical fold on the median umbilical ligament (which in turn, contains the urachus) two medial umbilical folds on the occluded umbilical artery.

Which of the following structure, when dilated, produces caput medusae?

Superficial epigastric veins

A 34 year old woman with 3 previous caesarean sections is found to have a hernia at 23 weeks gestation. The hernia is located infero-lateral to the pubic tubercle. This is consistent with

A femoral hernia

Boarders of femoral canal Medial Lateral anterior posterior

Medial border – Lacunar ligament. Lateral border – Femoral vein. Anterior border – Inguinal ligament. Posterior border – Pectineal ligament, superior ramus of the pubic bone, and the pectineus muscle

what happens in prophase

Chromatin condenses to chromosomes (paired as chromatids). Mitotic spindle forms

what happens in metaphase

Chromatids align at the equatorial plane AKA the metaphase plate

what happens in anaphase

Chromotids pulled apart into 2 constituent daughter chromosomes

what happens in telophase

New nuclear envelopes form around each daughter chromosome

beta-hydroxybutyric acid can be used as what during times of starvation

ketone by that can be used by the heart for energy

where are ketone bodies produced in times of starvation

liver produced by liver from fatty acids.

congenital CMV - incidence

1/50 --> 1/500 pregnancies USA (1/150 born with CMV) 0.2-2.2%

what cells produces glucagon

islet alpha cells increases plasma glucose levels stimulates glyconeolyisis and gluoneogenesis (glucose from amino acids)

FSH level considered raised

>30 IU/L

calculate relative risk

First calculate the prevalence in the control and exposed groups In smokers: 15/ (15+65) = 0.1875 In Non-smokers 11/ (77+11) = 0.125 Then divide the prevalence in the exposed by the control group 0.1875/0.125 = 1.5

What is the inheritance of sickle cell disease(SCD)?

singe gene autosomal recessive

Inheritance REtt syndrome

sporadic mutation

conns

HTN, HIGH NA, LOW K, LOW CA,

What vein does the IMV drain into

SPLENIC

what day blastocyst

innervation ureters

T11-L2

during oogenesis - which cell has the greatest number of chromatids

primary oocyre 46x2