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A level Biology OCR A > 6.4 Organisation & Specialisation of Cells > Flashcards

6.4 Organisation & Specialisation of Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is differentiation?

A

process

stem cells become specialised

to form different types of cells

to carry out a specific function.

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2
Q

How does differentiation occur?

A

specific genes switched on/off

to develop specific organelles/change shape.

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3
Q

What are specialised cells?

A

differentiated cells

which perform a specific function

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4
Q

How are erythrocytes specialised for its function?

A
  • BICONCAVE
    • increase SA:volume for faster diffusion of gases
  • NO NUCLEUS
    • increase space for haemoglobin
  • HAEMOGLOBIN
    • 1 O2 molecule binds to each haem group of haemoglobin
  • FLEXIBLE
    • squeeze through narrow capillaries
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5
Q

How are neutrophils specialised for its function?

A
  • MULTI-LOBED NUCLEUS
    • can fold in on itself & squeeze through gaps to get to site of infection
  • GRANULAR CYTOPLASM
    • contains many lysosomes with hydrolytic enzymes for digesting pathogens
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6
Q

How are sperm cells specialised for its function?

A
  • ACROSOME DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
    • breakdown of ovum plasma membrane
  • FLAGELLUM
    • capable of movement in aqueous environment
  • MANY MITOCHONDRIA
    • provide ATP during aerobic respiration, for moving flagellum
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7
Q

How are palisade cells specialised for its function?

A
  • MANY CHLOROPLASTS
    • ￪ rate of photosynthesis
  • RECTANGULAR
    • can pack closely, fit more palisade cells, ￪ rate of photosynthesis
  • THIN CELLULOSE CELL WALL
    • short diffusion distance, ￪ rate of CO2 diffusion into cell, ￪ rate of photosynthesis
  • LARGE VACUOLE
    • maintain turgor pressure
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8
Q

How are root hair cells specialised for its function?

A
  • ROOT HAIR (long projection)
    • ￪ Surface area, ￪ rate of uptake of water + mineral ions from soil
  • NO CHLOROPLASTS
    • no accesss to light, so cannot photosynthesise.
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9
Q

How are guard cells specialised for its function?

A
  • PAIRS FORM STOMATA
    • allows diffusion of CO2, H2O + O2 in/out
  • CELLULOSE CELL WALL THICKER ON ONE SIDE
    • uneven swelling opens stomata
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10
Q

What is a tissue?

A

group of differentiated cells

adapted to carry out a specific function

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11
Q

How is squamous epithelium specialised for its function?

A
  • 1 CELL THIN + FLAT SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS
    • short diffusion distance, ￪ rate of gas exchange
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12
Q

How is ciliated epithelium specialised for its function?

A
  • CILIATED EPITHELIAL CELLS HAVE CILIA ON 1 SIDE
    • wafting transports mucus containing duct/bacteria away from lungs, towards oesophagus to be digested
  • GOBLET CELLS
    • secrete mucus to trap dust/bacteria
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13
Q

How is cartilage specialised for its function?

A
  • EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX CONTAINS ELASTIN
    • flexible
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14
Q

What are the different types of cartilage and what are their functions?

A
  • HYALINE - forms embryonic skeleton
  • FIBROUS - transition tissue in intervertebral discs
  • ELASTIC - provides strength + elasticity
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15
Q

How is muscle specialised for its function?

A
  • SKELETAL FIBRES CONTAIN MYOFIBRILS
    • myofibrils contain contractile proteins
    • (allow muscle to contract + relax)
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16
Q

How is plant epidermis tissue specialised for its function?

A
  • WAXY CUTICLE
    • reduces water loss by transpiration
  • STOMATA
    • allow diffusion of O2, CO2, H2O in/out
17
Q

How is xylem specialised for its function?

A
  • ELONGATED DEAD CELLS
    • form vessels for transport of water + mineral ions(aq)
  • LIGNIN
    • strengthens + waterproofs xylem vessels
18
Q

How is phloem specialised for its function?

A
  • SIEVE END PLATES
    • perforations in cell walls to allow flow of contents
  • COMPANION CELLS
    • carry out normal cell functions since sieve tube cells have few organelles
19
Q

What is an organ?

A

group of tissues

working together to perform a function

20
Q

What is an organ system?

A

group of organs

working together to perform major function

21
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?

A

breaks large, insoluble molecules ⟶ small, soluble molecules

for absorption into bloodstream

22
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A

transport blood + carried substances around body

23
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

A

communication, coordination + control using electrical impulses

24
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

communication, coordination + control using hormones

A level Biology OCR A (103 decks)

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