10.2 The 5 Kingdoms Flashcards
What are the 5 kingdoms?
(Prokaryotes)
- Prokaryotae
(Eukaryotes)
- Protoctista
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia
What are the general features of prokaryotes?
- unicellular
- no nucleus
- no visible feeding mechanism - nutrients absorbed through cell wall or produced by photosynthesis
What are the general features of the Protoctista kingdom?
- (mainly) unicellular
- membrane-bound organelles
- some sessile, some have cilia, flagella
- autotrophic/heterotrophic
What are the general features of Fungi?
- unicellular/multicellular
- membrane-bound organelles
- cell wall made from chitin
- no chloroplasts
- no locomotion mechanism
- mycelium body made from hyphae
- saprophytic feeders
- energy store is glycogen
What are the general features of the Plantae kingdom?
- multicellular
- all have chloroplasts
- cellulose cell wall
- autotrophic
- energy store is starch
What are the general features of the Animalia kingdom?
- multicellular
- no cell wall
- no chloroplast
- move by cilia, flagella, contractile proteins
- heterotrophic
- food store is glycogen
What is a saprophytic feeder?
organisms which acquire nutrients
by absorption of decaying material
Describe the classification of the “3 domain system”
- 3 domains
- ARCHAEA, BACTERIA, EUKARYA
- 6 kingdoms
- archaea → archaebacteria
- bacteria → eubacteria
- eukarya → Protoctista, Plantae, Animalia, Fungi
Describe the ribosomes & the RNA polymerase of the organisms in the Eukarya domain:
- 80s ribosomes
- RNA polymerase contains 12 proteins
Describe the ribosomes & the RNA polymerase of organisms within the Archaea domain:
- 70s ribosomes
- RNA polymerase contains 8-10 proteins (very similar to eukaryotes)
Describe the ribosomes & the RNA polymerase of organisms within the Bacteria domain:
- 70s ribosomes
- RNA polymerase contains 5 proteins
What is the difference between the 5 and 6 kingdom system?
- 6 kingdom splits prokaryotae ⟶ eubacteria + archaebacteria
Explain why prokaryotes are now classed under 2 separate domains:
- advances in technology have identified large differences in composition
- Ribosomes differ
- Cell walls differ - peptidoglycan not found in archaea
How do the cell walls of archaebacteria & eubacteria differ?
eubacteria have peptidoglycan cell walls
archaebacteria do not
Describe how classification systems changed over time:
- living organisms classified into 2 KINGDOMS based on major characteristics. e.g those which moved + ate, & those which didnt.
- scientific advances & microscope, allowed cell structure to be used in classification >> 5 KINGDOM SYSTEM.
- Advances in science allowed DNA & proteins to be studied, provided evidence for evolutionary relationships >> 3 DOMAIN SYSTEM
