12.7 Preventing & Treating Disease

Question 1

What are the different types of immunity?

Answer 1

natural/artificial

active/passive

Question 2

What is natural active immunity?

Answer 2

immunity arising from

body’s response to a PATHOGEN INVASION

Question 3

What is natural passive immunity?

Answer 3

immunity

given to INFANT mammal by mother

through PLACENTA + COLOSTRUM

Question 4

What is artificial active immunity?

Answer 4

immunity arising from

the ADMINISTRATION of ANTIBODIES from another animal

Question 5

What is artificial passive immunity?

Answer 5

immunity arising from

the EXPOSURE to a SAFE FORM of a PATHOGEN

Question 6

What occurs during a PATHOGEN INVASION to build NATURAL ACTIVE immunity?

Answer 6

• pathogen is detected for first time - triggers PRIMARY response
◦ immune system activated, produces ANTIBODIES
◦ antibodies BIND to complementary antigen
◦ pathogen ENGULFED by PHAGOCYTE

• Immune system produces T + B MEMORY cells - SECONDARY response
◦ if pathogen met again, antigens recognised
◦ produces complementary antibodies @ FASTER RATE + HIGHER CONCENTRATION than primary response

Question 7

How is the secondary immune response different from the primary?

Answer 7

secondary produces antibodies at:

1. Faster rate
2. Higher concentration

Question 8

How does natural passive immunity arise?

Answer 8

• ANTIBODIES CROSS PLACENTA from mother ⟶ fetus while in uterus
◦ Infant has some immunity at birth

• COLOSTRUM is high in ANTIBODIES
◦ Infant gut cannot digest antibodies, so pass into bloodstream
◦ Results in baby having same level of immunity as mother
- antibodies received are relevant to environment, since acquired by mother

Question 9

How does artificial active immunity arise?

Answer 9

Antibodies are produced by individual

in response to dead/inactive pathogen in vaccine

Question 10

How does artificial active immunity arise?

Answer 10

1. Small amounts of VACCINE injected into bloodstream
   - (contains different substances depending on method used to make pathogen safe)
2. Triggers primary immune RESPONSE&raquo_space; produces ANTIBODIES + MEMORY cells specific to pathogen
3. SECONDARY immune response destroys pathogens BEFORE SYMPTOMS
   - T + B memory cells RECOGNISE antigen + produce antibodies faster