6.4 Organisation And Specialisation Of Cells

Question 1

What are the specialised animal cells

Answer 1

Erythrocytes
Neutrophils
Sperm cells

Question 2

How are erythrocytes specialised

Answer 2

Flattened biconcave shape increases SA:V ratio
No Nuclei - increasing space for haemoglobin
Flexible to squeeze through capillaries

Question 3

How are neutrophils specialised

Answer 3

Essential role in the immune system
Multi-loved nucleus - easier to squeeze though small gaps
Granular cytoplasm has many lysosomes that have enzymes

Question 4

How are sperm cells specialised

Answer 4

Tail/flagellum so they are capable of movement
Lots of mitochondria to supply energy
Acrosome on sperm heads has digestive enzymes which allow sperm to penetrate

Question 5

What are the specialised plant cells

Answer 5

Palisade cell
Root hair cells
Pair of gaurd cells

Question 6

How are palisade cells specialised

Answer 6

Contain chloroplasts to absorb large amounts of light for photosynthesis
Rectangular box shapes that can be closely packed
Think cell walls - increase diffusion rate
Large cajole maintains turgor pressure

Question 7

How are root hair cells specialised

Answer 7

Long extensions which increase the surface area of the cell and maximises uptake of water

Question 8

How are a pair of gaurd cells specialised

Answer 8

Form small openings called stomata
When they lose water and become swollen they change shape and make stoma close to prevent further water loss

Cell wall is thicker on one side so they don’t change shape symmetrically

Question 9

What are teh four main categories of tissue in animals

Answer 9

Nervous tissue
Epithelial tissue
Muscle tissue
Connective tissue

Question 10

What is the squamous epithelium and how is it specialised

Answer 10

Very thin as it’s made up of flat cells and is only one cell thick
Forms the lining of the lungs and allows rapid diffusion

Question 11

What is the ciliates epithelium and how is it specialised I

Answer 11

Cells have hair like structures called cilia
They move in a rhythmic manner and like the trachea
Contain goblet cells that release mucus to trap unwanted particles

Question 12

What is a cartilage and how is it specialised

Answer 12

Connective tissue that contains fibres of elastin and collagen
It’s a firm flexible connective tissue composed of Chondrocyte cells
Prevent end of bonds from rubbing together

Question 13

How are muscle tissues specialised

Answer 13

Skeletal muscle fibres contain myofibrils which contain contractile proteins

Question 14

What tissues are in plants

Answer 14

Epidermis tissue

Vascular tissue

Question 15

What is teh epidermis tissue and how is it specialised

Answer 15

Single layer of closely packed cells covering surface of plants
Stomata are present
Allow co2 in and out and water vapour and oxygen

Question 16

What is the xylem tissue and how is it adapted

Answer 16

Vascular tissue responsible for the transport of water and minerals
Has vessel elements which are elongated dead cells
Walls of the cells are strengthened with lignin

Question 17

What is the phloem tissue and how is it specialised

Answer 17

Transport of organic nutrients like sucrose
From leaves to stems
Has Columns of sieve tube cells seperated by perforated walls called sieve plates

Question 18

What organ systems are there

Answer 18

Digestive system
Cardiovascular system
Gaseous exchange system