6.3 Resource Management - Water (Paper 2)

Question 1

<p>What is <strong>watersecurity</strong>?</p>

Answer 1

<p>Having access to enough clean, safe drinking water that aids well being and economic development</p>

Question 2

<p>What is meant by<strong>waterdeficit</strong>?</p>

Answer 2

<p><strong>Supply</strong>of water is<strong>lower</strong>than the<strong>demand</strong></p>

Question 3

<p>What is meant by<strong>watersurplus</strong>?</p>

Answer 3

<p><strong>Supply</strong>of water is<strong>higher</strong>than<strong>demand</strong></p>

Question 4

<p>Which areas of the world have a<strong>waterdeficit</strong>?</p>

Answer 4

<p>Drier areas such as Australia, Northern Africa (Sahara) and Southern Africa, The Middle East</p>

Question 5

<p>Which areas of the world have a<strong>watersurplus</strong>?</p>

Answer 5

<p>Typically, equatorial locations such as the Amazon, Brazil.</p>

<p>Mid-latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere such as Europe and North America</p>

Question 6

<p>What is<strong>watersecurity</strong>?</p>

Answer 6

<p>When a country has awater surplus.They have a higher supply of water than they demand</p>

Question 7

<p>What is meant by<strong>water insecurity</strong>?</p>

Answer 7

<p>When a country has awater deficit. Their demand is higher than their supply of water</p>

Question 8

<p>What is '<strong>waterstress</strong>'?</p>

Answer 8

<p>When an area does not have</p>

<ul>
	<li>Access to water</li>
	<li>Access to clean, safe water</li>
	<li>The natural flows of water to sustain rivers etc</li>
</ul>

Question 9

<p>How iswatersecuritylinked to<strong>well-being</strong>?</p>

Answer 9

<ul>
<li>Water aids crop production which secures a source of food and income</li>
<li>Not having to travel daily for water enables children to go to school</li>
<li>Improves the quality of life</li>
</ul>

Question 10

<p>Why is<strong>waterconsumption</strong>increasing?</p>

Answer 10

<ul>
<li>People are becoming wealthier</li>
<li>Diets are changing - more variety is demanded which increases water in food production</li>
<li>Energy production is changing which now involves higher levels of water</li>
<li>Increasing urbanisation increases populationdemand for water i.e. domestic uses</li>
</ul>

Question 11

<p>Identify the<strong>6 factors</strong>that affect water availability</p>

Answer 11

<p>Climate- rainfall patterns</p>

<p><strong>Poverty</strong>- some places have to share water sources</p>

<p><strong>Poorinfrastructure</strong>- limited pipes to bring water to communities</p>

<p><strong>Pollution</strong>- some water is highly contaminated with industrial pollution</p>

<p><strong>Geology</strong>- the rock type in an area dictates how much water is stored underground</p>

<p><strong>Overabstraction</strong>- water is removed from the ground quicker than it replenishes which reduces the water table</p>

Question 12

<p>List the<strong>impacts</strong>of <strong>waterinsecurity</strong></p>

Answer 12

<ul>
	<li>Waterborne diseases</li>
	<li>Water pollution</li>
	<li>Lowering food production</li>
	<li>Changing industrial output</li>
	<li>Conflict</li>
</ul>

Question 13

<p>What are<strong>waterborne</strong>diseases?</p>

Answer 13

<p>Diseases that affect people who drinkcontaminated water. e.g. cholera, dysentery.</p>

Question 14

<p>How does water insecurity lead to waterborne diseases?</p>

Answer 14

<p>Drinking from unsafe water supplies in places that do not have infrastructure e.g. pipes. This increases the likelihood of disease</p>

Question 15

<p>How does water insecurity lead to<strong>lower food productivity</strong>?</p>

Answer 15

<p>Food production requires water. Agricultural practices suffer if there is not an adequate amount of water to tend to crops. As a result, lower supply increases food prices</p>

Question 16

<p>How does water insecurity lead to<strong>lowerindustrialoutput</strong>?</p>

Answer 16

<p>Industry requires large amounts of water to be productive. Many factories around the world close in times of water shortage. This reduces productivity and a loss of profits</p>

Question 17

<p>How does water insecurity lead to<strong>conflict</strong>?</p>

Answer 17

<p>Many people rely on rivers for a supply of water - building dams in a shared river e.g. the Nile, can restrict flow and cause conflict</p>

<p>Some industries do not regulate their waste which means water pollution can occur, affecting some communities source of drinking water</p>

Question 18

<p>List<strong>4 strategies</strong>that can be used to increase water supply</p>

Answer 18

<ul>
	<li>Diverting supplies and increasing storage</li>
	<li>Building dams and reservoirs</li>
	<li>Water transfers</li>
	<li>Desalination</li>
</ul>

Question 19

<p>How does<strong>divertingsupplies</strong>increase water supply?</p>

Answer 19

<p>To prevent water lost through evaporation, some water can be diverted and stored underground for times of need</p>

Question 20

<p>What is a<strong>dam</strong>?</p>

Answer 20

<p>A barrier built in a river used to control the flow of water at any given time</p>

Question 21

<p>What is a<strong>reservoir</strong>?</p>

Answer 21

<p>An artificially made body of water, usually found behind a dam</p>

Question 22

<p>How do<strong>dams </strong>and <strong>reservoirs</strong>increase water supply?</p>

Answer 22

<p>Dams can be closed during times of plentiful water, allowing water to be stored and released during times of deficit. This enables sufficient supply of water downstream and prevents loss of water through flooding</p>

Question 23

<p>What is a <strong>water transfer</strong>?</p>

Answer 23

<p>Moving water from an area of<strong>surplus</strong>to an area of<strong>deficit</strong>through a network of pipes</p>

Question 24

<p>How do<strong>water transfer schemes</strong>increase water supply?</p>

Answer 24

<p>Moving water from one basin to another, shares out water to avoid an area of deficit becoming seriously impacted by a water scarcity</p>

Question 25

<p>What is<strong>desalination</strong>?</p>

Answer 25

<p>Desalination is removing salt from sea water</p>

Question 26

<p>How does<strong>desalination</strong>increase water supply?</p>

Answer 26

<p>Removing salt from sea water can solve serious water stress by creating freshwater for human use</p>

Question 27

<p>What are the<strong>problems</strong>with<strong>desalination</strong>?</p>

Answer 27

<ul>
<li>It is expensive It requires a lot of energy</li>
<li>Water has to be transported inland which costs and causes emissions</li>
<li>LICs may not be able to afford to do this</li>
</ul>

Question 28

<p>Briefly describe China's water transfer scheme</p>

Answer 28

<p>It transfer water from the South (which receives more rainfall) to the North (which is drier). It has three planned routes that can channel water each year</p>

Question 29

<p>What are the<strong>advantages</strong>of China's water transfer scheme?</p>

Answer 29

<p>+ Relieved water shortages in the North</p>

<p>+ More even industrial development as industry can set up in the North</p>

<p>+ It has opened up more potential farmland as there is more available water for irrigation</p>

Question 30

<p>What are the<strong>disadvantages</strong>of China's water transfer scheme?</p>

Answer 30

<p>- Constructing the scheme often floods land</p>

<p>- Water is not equally shared</p>

<p>- it is very expensive so is therefore used mainly by the urban rich</p>

<p>- Puts stress on water sources in the South</p>

Question 31

<p>What is '<strong>sustainability</strong>'?</p>

Answer 31

<p>Meeting the needs of the current population without compromising the ability for future generations to meet their own needs</p>

Question 32

<p>Name some<strong>strategies</strong>used to achieve sustainable water supplies</p>

Answer 32

<ul>
	<li>Conserving water</li>
	<li>Groundwater management</li>
	<li>Recycling water</li>
	<li>Using 'grey' water</li>
</ul>

Question 33

<p>What is '<strong>waterconservation</strong>'?</p>

Answer 33

<p>Reducing the consumption of water</p>

Question 34

<p>What<strong>individual actions</strong>can be taken to conserve water?</p>

Answer 34

<ul>
<li>Turn off tap when brushing teeth</li>
<li>Install dual flush toilets</li>
<li>Collect rainwater to water plants</li>
<li>Only use a washing machine on full load</li>
</ul>

Question 35

<p>Identify some<strong>strategies</strong>that can be used to<strong>conserve</strong>water</p>

Answer 35

<ul>
<li>Fixing leaking pipes</li>
<li>Switching from normal irrigation to drip irrigation</li>
<li>Using efficient domestic appliances e.g. washing machines</li>
<li>Dual flush toilets - use less water to flush</li>
<li>Educate people on reducing water use in the home</li>
</ul>

Question 36

<p>What is '<strong>groundwater management</strong>'?</p>

Answer 36

<p>Groundwater is the water that infiltrates into the soil when it rains. Managing this means ensuring that it is free from pollution and not too much is taken</p>

Question 37

<p>How does<strong>groundwater management</strong>lead to a sustainable water supply?</p>

Answer 37

<ul>
<li>Monitoring water levels to reduce amount extracted</li>
<li>Ensuring groundwater does not become polluted</li>
<li>Establishing rules and legislation that protects shared water sources</li>
</ul>

Question 38

<p>How does<strong>recyclingwater</strong>lead to a sustainable water supply?</p>

Answer 38

<p>It reduces energy needed to provide clean water when recycled water is fit for purpose</p>

<p>Saves water being extracted from groundwater stores</p>

Question 39

<p>What is<strong>recycled water</strong>used for?</p>

Answer 39

<ul>
	<li>Irrigating crops</li>
	<li>Industrial use</li>
	<li>Flushing toilets</li>
</ul>

Question 40

<p>What is '<strong>grey</strong>' water?</p>

Answer 40

<p>Recycled water that isn't treated and can be used immediately. It is water from baths, showers and washing machines</p>

Question 41

<p>What is '<strong>grey</strong>' water used for?</p>

Answer 41

<ul>
<li>Water crops</li>
<li>Irrigation</li>
</ul>

Question 42

<p>How can using<strong>grey water</strong>lead to a sustainable water supply?</p>

Answer 42

<ul>
	<li>Cheap to use</li>
	<li>Easy to access</li>
	<li>Reduces energy needed to treat water</li>
</ul>

Question 43

<p>Why does Kenya need to increase its sustainable water supplies?</p>

Answer 43

<p>It is a dry country, with limited yearly rainfall. Most water in river evaporates quickly. It is a LIC that requires water for farming It is vulnerable to water stress They struggle to store water for during the dry season</p>

Question 44

<p>What is Kenya doing to increase its sustainable water supplies?</p>

Answer 44

<p>Building Sand Dams</p>

Question 45

<p>Explain how a sand dam works</p>

Answer 45

<ul>
<li>During the dry season, a chunk of river bed is dug up, exposing the bedrock underneath</li>
<li>A stone dam is built, separating the original river bed and the dug out river bed</li>
<li>In the wet season, the river will deposit sediment behind the dam</li>
<li>Finer particles of sand are dropped in the dug out river bed</li>
<li>Water is held within the sand, providing a store of water for the dry season</li>
</ul>

Question 46

<p>What are the<strong>advantages</strong>of the sand dam for places like Kenya?</p>

Answer 46

<p>+ it provides easily accessible water during a dry season</p>

<p>+ it doesn't require complex machines to be set up</p>

<p>+ local people are able to fix and maintain the system</p>

<p>+ the dam canbe modified to suit the changing water levels</p>

Question 47

<p>What are the disadvantages of dams and reservoirs?</p>

Answer 47

<ul><li>Some of the necessary infrastructures can be expensive</li><li>Farming land and settlements can be flooded</li><li></ul>
</li></ul>

Question 48

<p>Why is the global distribution of freshwater uneven?</p>

Answer 48

<ul><li>The global distribution of freshwater is uneven because of variations in precipitation and the rates of evaporation and transpiration</li>
<li>In some areas of the world, such as mountainous areas, the rates of precipitation are higher than the rates of evaporation and transpiration</li>
<ul><li>These places have a water surplus</li></ul>
<li>In other areas of the world, such as countries located 30 degrees north and south of the equator, rates of precipitation are low and evaporation and transpiration rates are high</li>
<ul><li>These places have a water deficit</li></ul></ul>