2.3 Tropical Cyclones (Paper 1)

Question 1

<p>What is a<strong>tropical storm</strong>?</p>

Answer 1

<p>Tropical storms are huge storms that form between the tropics. They are known as hurricanes, typhoons or cyclones depending on the region they are in</p>

Question 2

<p>Describe the global<strong>distribution</strong>of tropical storms</p>

Answer 2

<p>In a band around the equator</p>

<p>Within the Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn</p>

<p>They are rare in the South Atlantic</p>

Question 3

<p>Why do tropical storms form between the tropics?</p>

Answer 3

<p>- The ocean temperatures are warm enough (27°C)</p>

<p>- There is enough intense heating of the ocean to cause warm air to rise rapidly</p>

<p>- They don't form directly over the equator as there isn't enough of an impact of the earth's rotation to cause the storm to spin so they form 5°-15° north and south of the equator</p>

Question 4

<p>Tropical storms in the North Atlantic region are known as?</p>

Answer 4

<p>Hurricanes</p>

Question 5

<p>Tropical storms in south-east Asia and Australia are known as?</p>

Answer 5

<p>Cyclones</p>

Question 6

<p>Tropical storms in Japan and the Philippinesare known as?</p>

Answer 6

<p>Typhoons</p>

Question 7

<p>What are the conditions required for a tropical storm to form?</p>

Answer 7

<ul>
	<li>Warm water (above 27C)</li>
	<li>Deep water</li>
	<li>Within the tropical zone</li>
	<li>No jet stream present</li>
<li>Source area is found between 5° and 30° North and South of the Equator</li>
</ul>

Question 8

<p>What force causes tropical storms to spin?</p>

Answer 8

<p>The Coriolis Effect</p>

Question 9

<p>How are tropical storms measured?</p>

Answer 9

<p>On the Saffir-Simpson scale of wind speeds</p>

<ul><li>Category 1: 74-95mph</li><li>Category 2: 96-110mph</li><li>Category 3: 111-129mph</li><li>Category 4: 130-156mph</li><li>Category 5: 157mph+</li></ul>

Question 10

<p>What are the conditions like in the eye of a tropical storm?</p>

Answer 10

<ul><li>Calm</li><li>Low Pressure</li><li>No Rain</li></ul>

Question 11

<p>Which part of a tropical storm has the most severe winds?</p>

Answer 11

<p>Eye Wall</p>

Question 12

<p>How wide cantropical storms be?</p>

Answer 12

<p>Up to 300 miles</p>

Question 13

<p>Describe the sequence of events when a tropical storm passes over?</p>

Answer 13

<ul>
<li>Temperature and air pressure fall</li>
<li>Air pressure falls more, wind increases, lots of cumulonimbus cloud, heavy rainfall</li>
<li>Calm, no wind, no rain, gets slightly warmer, air pressure still very low (EYE OF THE STORM)</li>
<li>Wind and heavy rainfall increase dramatically again, temperature drops, air pressure begins to rise</li>
<li>Tropical storm ends, air pressure and temperature rise</li>
</ul>

Question 14

<p>Describe the formation of a tropical storm?</p>

Answer 14

<ol>
<li>Warm wet air from the warm ocean rises. Asit cools and condenses it creates huge cumulonimbus clouds</li>
<li>As the warm, wet air is rising, it creates an area of low pressure near the ocean surface. Warm air from outside the storm is sucked in to fill this 'space' creating a constant upwelling of warm, moist air to power the storm</li>
<li>Air leaves the spiralling column in the centre of the storm out of the top and flows downwards to the side of the storm</li>
</ol>

Question 15

<p>Describe the features of a tropical storm?</p>

Answer 15

<ul>
<li>Up to 300 miles wide</li>
<li>Wind speeds up to 252km/h and above</li>
<li>Thunder and lightning, strong winds at the eyewall</li>
</ul>

Question 16

<p>Where did Typhoon Haiyan make landfall?</p>

Answer 16

<p>Typhoon Haiyan made landfall in South East Asia, particulary in the Philippines</p>

Question 17

<p>Describe the<strong>primary</strong>effects of Typhoon Haiyan?</p>

Answer 17

<ul>
<li>6,300 deaths</li>
<li>600,000 people forced to leave their homes</li>
<li>30,000 fishing boats destroyed</li>
<li>90% of city of Tacloban destroyed</li>
<li>Tacloban airport severely damaged</li>
<li>Infrastructure destroyed by winds</li>
<li>Flooding</li>
</ul>

Question 18

<p>Describe the<strong>secondary</strong>effects of Typhoon Haiyan?</p>

Answer 18

<ul>
<li>6 million lost jobs</li>
<li>Flooding caused landslides, blocking roads meaning aid was hindered</li>
<li>Power cut off</li>
<li>Difficulty receiving aid as a result of damaged infrastructure</li>
<li>Outbreaks of disease due to poor sanitation and shortages of shelter and water</li>
<li>Looting and violence broke out</li>
</ul>

Question 19

<p>Describe the<strong>immediateresponses</strong>to Typhoon Haiyan?</p>

Answer 19

<ul>
<li>Aid agencies donated food, water and shelter quickly</li>
<li>US aircrafts helped with search and rescue</li>
<li>1,200 evacuation centres were set up</li>
<li>The UK provided Shelter Boxes which provided equipment to set up make-shift homes</li>
<li>The Philippines Red Cross delivered basic food packages</li>
</ul>

Question 20

<p>Describe the<strong>long term</strong> responsesto Typhoon Haiyan?</p>

Answer 20

<ul>
<li>Infrastructure was rebuilt e.g. brides and airport</li>
<li>Charities helped to replace fishing boats which is a crucial source of income for many citizens</li>
<li>'Cash for Work' programmes paid people to cleanup debris</li>
<li>Homes rebuilt away from flood-prone areas</li>
<li>Rice farming was quickly restored to ensure food production and a source of income</li>
</ul>

Question 21

<p>How are tropical storms<strong>monitored</strong>and<strong>predicted</strong>?</p>

Answer 21

<p>Predicting the track of a tropical storm is very difficult</p>

<p>Satellite images are used to identify the distinct pattern of clouds associated with tropical storms forming over the ocean</p>

<p>Aircraft can be used to monitor conditions within tropical storms</p>

<p>In the USA, 'Hurricane Watch' advises that hurricane conditions are likely. 'Hurricane Warning' is issued when people should take action e.g. evacuate</p>

Question 22

<p>How do people<strong>protect</strong>themselves from tropical storms?</p>

Answer 22

<p>Secure outdoor furniture to the ground</p>

<p>Cut own tree branches to avoid property damage</p>

<p>Window shutters</p>

<p>Buildings built on stilts to prevent storm surge damage</p>

<p>Storm drains in urban areas removed large amounts of water from storm surges</p>

<p>Sea walls built to hold back some water from storm surges</p>

Question 23

<p>How do people<strong>plan</strong>for tropical storms?</p>

Answer 23

<p>Increasing citizens awareness and knowledge of what to do in the event of a tropical storm</p>

<p>e.g. family evacuation plans/emergency kits</p>

<p>Educating people on the dangers of tropical storms and how best to prepare</p>

Question 24

<p>How might climate change affect tropical storm distribution, frequency and intensity?</p>

Answer 24

<p><strong>Distribution</strong>: More tropical storms may happen outside of the current areas as sea temperatures increase</p>

<p><strong>Frequency</strong>: frequency may decrease</p>

<p><strong>Intensity</strong>: increase intensity of tropical storms</p>

Question 25

<p>When do most Tropical Cyclone form?</p>

Answer 25

<ul><li>Most Cyclones form in June-November in the Nothern Hemisphere and November-April in the Southern Hemisphere<ul><li>This is because these are the months when sea temperatures are warmest</li></ul></li></ul>

Question 26

<p>What are the potential physical hazards of Tropical Hazards?</p>

Answer 26

<ul><li>Intense Rainfall</li><li>High Winds</li><li>Coastal Flooding</li><li>Landslides</li></ul>

Question 27

<p>Why is intense rainfall a potential hazard?</p>

Answer 27

<p>INtense rainfall can cause mudslides and landslides, which could potentially kill people or destroy buildings</p>

Question 28

<p>What are storm surges?</p>

Answer 28

<p>Storm surges are large rises in sea levels that are caused by high winds and low pressure</p>

Question 29

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Answer 29

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Question 30

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Answer 30

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Question 31

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Answer 31

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