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AQA GCSE (9-1) Geography > 1.1 Challenge of Natural Hazards Overview (Paper 1) > Flashcards

1.1 Challenge of Natural Hazards Overview (Paper 1) Flashcards

1
Q

<p>What is a <strong>natural hazard</strong>?</p>

A

<p>A<strong>natural event</strong>(for example earthquake, volcanic eruption, tropical storm, flood) that threatens people or <strong>has thepotential to cause damage, destruction and death</strong></p>

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2
Q

<p>What is a hazard risk?</p>

A

<p>Hazard risk is the chance or probability of being affected by a natural event</p>

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3
Q

<p>List some examples of natural hazards (and their category if you can)</p>

A

<p><u><strong>Tectonic hazards</strong></u>(e.g. earthquake, tsunami, volcanic eruption)</p>

<p><u><strong>Atmospheric hazards</strong></u>(e.g. hurricanes)</p>

<p><u><strong>Geomorphological hazards</strong></u>(e.g flooding)</p>

<p><u><strong>Biological hazards</strong></u>(e.g. forest fires)</p>

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4
Q

<p>What factors affect a hazard risk?</p>

A

<p>1.<strong>Poverty</strong>- poorer places will struggle to adequately prepare for a hazard or be able to respond</p>

<p>2.<strong>Magnitude</strong>- the severity of the hard will make the impacts worse</p>

<p>3.<strong>Population density</strong>- areas that have high populations will experience more destruction</p>

<p>4.<strong>Education</strong>- how educated the population are to react and prepare forthe hazard</p>

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5
Q

<p>Describe the structure of the earth starting from the outermost layer</p>

A

<p>OUTERMOST: 1.<strong>Crust</strong>- the outermost layer of the Earth, broken into tectonic plates.</p>

<p>2.<strong>Mantle</strong>- semi-molten part of the Earth.</p>

<p>3.<strong>Outer core</strong>- liquid iron and nickel</p>

<p>CENTRE: 4.<strong>Inner core</strong>- solid iron and nickel</p>

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6
Q

<p>What causes the plates to move?</p>

A

<p>Convection currents in the mantle</p>

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7
Q

<p>What are convection currents?</p>

A

<p>Circulating movements of magma in the mantle caused by the heat of the core</p>

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8
Q

<p>Describe the globaldistributionof <strong>earthquakes.</strong></p>

A

<p>Earthquakes<strong>occur in lines</strong>which coincide with<strong>plate margins</strong>.There are many along the western coast of North and South America</p>

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9
Q

<p>Describe the global<strong>distribution</strong>of volcanic eruptions</p>

A

<p>Volcanoes are found both<strong>on land and in the sea</strong>.They tend to befound along <strong>plate margins</strong>. Some volcanoes are found in the<strong>centre of plates</strong>. These are known as<strong>hot spots</strong>. There is a large band of volcanoes around the Pacific Ocean known as the Ring of Fire</p>

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10
Q

<p>What is<strong>oceanic</strong>crust?</p>

A

<p>The part of the Earth's crust which is below the oceans</p>

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11
Q

<p>What is<strong>continental</strong>crust?</p>

A

<p>The part of the Earth's crust that makes the continents</p>

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12
Q

<p>What is the<strong>difference</strong>between oceanic and continental crust?</p>

A

<ul><li>Oceanic crust is thinner (5-10km thick)and denser than continental crust</li><li>Oceanic crust is recycled at destructive margins as it subducts under the continental crust</li><li>Continental crust is thicker (20-200km thick) and is less dense than oceanic crust</li><li>Continental crust cannot be destroyed</li></ul>

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13
Q

<p>What isa<strong>conservative</strong>plate margin?</p>

A

<p>A plate margin where the tectonic plates are<strong>slidingpast</strong>each other</p>

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14
Q

<p>What is a<strong>constructive</strong>plate margin?</p>

A

<p>A plate margin where the tectonic plates are<strong>movingapart</strong></p>

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15
Q

<p>What is a<strong>destructive</strong>plate margin?</p>

A

<p>A plate margin where an<strong>oceanic</strong>and a<strong>continental</strong>plate<strong>collide</strong></p>

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16
Q

<p>What are<strong>tectonichazards</strong>?</p>

A

<p>Threats posed by earthquakes, volcanoes etc</p>

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17
Q

<p>Define <strong>epicentre</strong></p>

A

<p>The point on the ground directly above the focus (centre) of the earthquake</p>

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18
Q

<p>Define <strong>focus</strong></p>

A

<p>The point of origin of an earthquake</p>

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19
Q

<p>Define <strong>magnitude</strong>?</p>

A

<p>The size of an earthquake</p>

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20
Q

<p>Define '<strong>magnitude</strong>'?</p>

A

<p>The size of an earthquake</p>

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21
Q

<p>What is an ocean trench?</p>

A

<p>A deep depression on the ocean floor formed at the subduction zones of destructive plate margins</p>

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22
Q

<p>What are tectonic plates?</p>

A

<p>The large pieces of broken crust that cover the earth</p>

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23
Q

<p>What is a plate<strong>margin</strong>?</p>

A

<p>The boundary between two tectonic plates</p>

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24
Q

<p>What are<strong>primaryeffects</strong>?</p>

A

<p>The impacts of a natural disaster that happen immediately or soon after the event</p>

25
Q

<p>What are<strong>secondaryeffects</strong>?</p>

A

<p>The after-effects of a disaster eg. disease spread or economic losses</p>

26
Q

k

A

l

27
Q

<p>Define <strong>tsunami</strong></p>

A

<p>Huge waves caused by earthquakes under the sea</p>

28
Q

<p>List<strong>two</strong>characteristics of an<strong>oceanic crust</strong></p>

A

<p>5-10 km thick</p>

<p>Dense</p>

<p>Destroyed at destructive plate margins</p>

<p>Forms constantly at constructive plate margins</p>

<p>Geologically young compared to continental crust</p>

29
Q

<p>List<strong>two</strong>characteristics of a<strong>continentalcrust</strong></p>

A

<p>25-100km thick</p>

<p>Less dense (than oceanic)</p>

<p>Cannot be destroyed. New crust is not formed</p>

<p>It is geologically old 3-4 billion years old</p>

30
Q

<p>What is an earthquake?</p>

A

<p>Earthquakes are vibrations in the Earth's crust that creates shaking at the surface. They are highly unpredictable and often occur suddenly without warning, mainly on the plate margins</p>

31
Q

<p>Do earthquakes happen on all four plate boundaries?</p>

A

<p>Yes</p>

32
Q

<p>Why do Earthquakes occur?</p>

A

<p>Earthquakes occur because<strong>stresses</strong>build up<strong>between the plates</strong>as one plate passes another</p>

<p>As the plates move past one another they don't do so smoothly, rather, they<strong>snag</strong>and grind, allowing<strong>energy</strong>to build-up</p>

<p>When the plates eventually move again this energy is released as shock or<strong>seismic waves</strong>through the Earth's crust</p>

33
Q

<p>List<strong>two</strong>characteristics of a<strong>composite</strong>volcanoes</p>

A

<p>Made up of alternating layers of lava and ash (other volcanoes just consist of lava)</p>

<p>Found atdestructiveboundaries</p>

<p>Often has pyroclastic flows. Apyroclasticflow is a mixture of hot steam, ash, rock and dust</p>

<p>A pyroclastic flow can roll down the sides of a volcano at very high speeds and with temperatures of over 400°C</p>

34
Q

<p>List<strong>two</strong>characteristics of a<strong>shield</strong>volcano</p>

A

<p>Shield volcanoes are usually found atconstructiveor tensional boundaries</p>

<p>They are low, with gently sloping sides</p>

<p>They are formed by eruptions of thin, runny lava</p>

<p>Eruptions tend to be frequent but relatively gentle</p>

35
Q

<p>Can we<strong>predict</strong>volcanic eruptions and earthquakes?</p>

A

<p>Volcanoes - Yes</p>

<p>Earthquakes - No</p>

36
Q

<p>List some reasons why people live in areas at risk from tectonic hazards</p>

A

<p>Fertile farmland on volcanic soil (environmental)</p>

<p>Income from tourism (economic)</p>

<p>Lack of other alternatives (social)</p>

<p>Mining precious minerals (socio-economic)</p>

37
Q

<p>How do we measure the size of the earthquake?</p>

A

<p>Richter Scale - Measured from 1-9</p>

38
Q

<p>At which plate margin can earthquakes occur?</p>

A

<p>All plate margins <i>(constructive, destructive and conservative)</i></p>

39
Q

<p>At which plate margin can volcanoes occur?</p>

A

<p>Shield volcanoes form at constructive margins</p>

<p>Composite volcanoes form at destructive margins</p>

40
Q

<p>What type of plate margin does Nepal lie on?</p>

A

<p>Collision</p>

41
Q

<p>What type of plate margin does L'Aquila lie on?</p>

A

<p>Constructive</p>

42
Q

<p>What was the magnitude of the L'Aquila earthquake?</p>

A

<p>6.3 on the Richter scale</p>

43
Q

<p>What was the magnitude of the Nepal earthquake?</p>

A

<p>7.9 on the Richter scale</p>

44
Q

<p>Describe the<strong>primary</strong>effects of the Nepal earthquake</p>

A

<ul><li>9,000 deaths</li><li>20,000 people injured</li><li>3 million without a home</li><li>US $5 billion of damage</li><li>50% of shops destroyed</li><li>Airport became congested as aid arrived</li><li>Schools and buildings destroyed</li><li>1.4 million people needed food and water days after the earthquake</li></ul>

45
Q

<p>Describe the<strong>secondary</strong>effects of the Nepal earthquake</p>

A

<ul><li>Ground shaking triggered landslides and avalanches, blocking roads, making relief difficult</li><li>Avalanches killed 19 people</li><li>A landslide blocked the Kali Gandaki River - causing a risk of flood</li></ul>

46
Q

<p>Describe the<strong>primary</strong>effects of the L'Aquila earthquake</p>

A

<ul><li>300 people were killed</li><li>1,500 were injured</li><li>Hospitals damaged</li><li>67,000 homeless</li><li>10,000 buildings collapsed (including medieval buildings and monuments, universities and hospitals)</li></ul>

47
Q

<p>Describe the<strong>secondary</strong>effects of the L'Aquila earthquake</p>

A

<ul><li>Aftershocks triggered landslides</li><li>L'Aquila University student numbers reduced</li><li>House prices increased</li><li>Some areas were so unsafe they were declared as 'red zones' which has led to a decrease in business and tourism</li></ul>

48
Q

<p>Describe the<strong>immediateresponses</strong>to the L'Aquila earthquake</p>

A

<ul><li>Hotels (and some train carriages) provided shelter for 10,000 people</li><li>Italian Red Cross searchedfor survivors</li><li>The British Red Cross raised £170,000 in aid</li><li>Astate of emergency was declared which sped up international aid efforts</li><li>The EU donated US$550million to help with rebuilding costs</li></ul>

49
Q

<p>Describe the<strong>immediateresponses</strong>to the Nepal earthquake</p>

A

<ul><li>Other countries helped in search and rescue and provided medical supplies</li><li>Helicopters rescued people caught in the avalanche on Mount Everest</li><li>Half a million tents needed to provide shelter for the homeless</li><li>Field hospitals were set up to alleviate pressure on hospitals</li><li>300,000 people migrated from Kathmandu</li><li>Social media helped to map damage of area</li></ul>

50
Q

<p>Describe the<strong>long term responses</strong>to the Nepal earthquake</p>

A

<ul><li>Roads repaired and landslides cleared</li><li>Lakes, formed by landslides damming rivers, were emptied to avoid flooding</li><li>Homeless were re-housed</li><li>Schoolsto be rebuilt or repaired</li><li>Reopening of some heritage sites to boost tourism</li></ul>

51
Q

<p>Describe the long term responses to the L'Aquila earthquake</p>

A

<ul><li>Residents did not have to pay taxduring 2010</li><li>University students were given free public transport, discounts on educational equipment and were exempt from university fees for 3 years</li><li>Years of rebuilding homes</li><li>Approximately 15 years to rebuild historic centres</li></ul>

52
Q

<p>Describe what is meant by <strong>monitoring</strong> tectonic hazards</p>

A

<p>Using scientific equipment to detect warning signs of events such as a volcanic eruption</p>

53
Q

<p>What is meant by a <strong>prediction</strong> of a natural event?</p>

A

<p>Using evidence and monitoring information to make a judgement about when an earthquake or volcano is likely to happen</p>

54
Q

<p>What is meant by tectonic hazard <strong>protection</strong>?</p>

A

<p>Designing buildings towithstand tectonic hazards</p>

55
Q

<p>What is meant by <strong>planning</strong> for tectonic hazards?</p>

A

<p>Identifying places at risk or tectonic hazards and ensuring people know what to do in the event of an earthquake/volcano</p>

56
Q

<p>Give examples of<strong>monitoring</strong>tectonic hazards</p>

A

<p><u><strong>Volcanoes</strong></u></p>

<ul><li>satellites &amp; laser beamsdetect changes to the volcano shape</li><li>increasing amounts of gases such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide are given off before an eruption</li></ul>

<p><u><strong>Earthquakes</strong></u></p>

<ul><li>there is no reliable way of monitoring and predicting earthquakes</li></ul>

57
Q

b

A

cb

58
Q

<p>Give examples of how to<strong>plan</strong>for tectonic hazards?</p>

A

<p><u><strong>Volcanoes &amp; Earthquakes</strong></u></p>

<ul><li>Identify areas at risk and don't build on these areas</li><li>Plan to evacuate high-risk areas</li></ul>

59
Q

<p>Give examples of how to<strong>protect</strong>againsttectonic hazards</p>

A

<p><u><strong>Volcanoes</strong></u></p>

<ul><li>Divert lava away from built-up areas by using explosives</li><p><u><strong>Earthquakes</strong></u></p><ul><li>Reinforced foundations</li><li>Shock absorbers to absorb ground shaking</li><li>Automatic shutters to cover windows preventing shattering glass</li><li>Rolling weights on roof to counteract shock waves</li></ul></ul>

AQA GCSE (9-1) Geography (33 decks)

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