6.3 and 11.1 Immune System

Question 1

Pathogens

Answer 1

Bacteria - good or bad (living)

Virus - non living (cannot be treated with antibiotics)

Fungi - living

Protozoa - sickening

Helminths - animal living in you

Prions - non living, kill brain cells

Question 2

First line defence against pathogens

Answer 2

Skin - catch and act as barrier

Stomach - acid kills

Mucus - catches (in mouth. Nose, eyelids, lungs, urinary bladder)

Question 3

Antibodies

Answer 3

Chemicals that take advantage of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Beta lactam example - Penecilin

Beta lactam - 3 carbon 1 nitrogen (attacks specific areas of the prokaryotic cell)

Question 4

Florey and chain experiments

Answer 4

Discovered penecilin repells bacteria such as stephylococcus
Tested on mice

Question 5

Leukocytes

Answer 5

White blood cells
- non specific

Lymphocytes or Phagocytes
L = remember pathogens

P = consume

Question 6

Immune system response

Answer 6

1. Macrophage
   - consume and display antigens on outside of cell
2. Antigen
   - pieces of pathogen displayed on antigen representing cell
3. Interlukin 1
   - chemical produced by T Helper cells, causes Interlukin 2 to be produced
4. Interlukin 2
   - Activates B Cells and cytotoxic T cells
5. Cytotoxic T cells
   - specific immune response
   - Tells infected cells to die (apoptosis)
6. B cells
   - copies itself
   - turns into plasma or memory B cells
   - plasma cells produce antibodies
   - Memory B cells gives immunity to pathogens we’ve had in the past by remembering them
7. Antibodies
   - aid the destruction of pathogens by:
   - mark pathogens for macrophages to engulf with endocytosis and display them as antigens

Question 7

Blood clotting

Answer 7

Prothrombin forms thrombin

Thrombin transforms fibrinogen into fibrin

Fibrin blocks blood cells and platelets to form a blood

Enzyme plasmin breaks down hard clot while wound heals

Question 8

Hybridoma

Answer 8

Used in pregnancy

1. Inject antigen into animal
2. Plasma cells are produced
3. Tumour and plasma cells fuse
4. Hybridoma cells form
5. Monoclonal antibodies are produced

Question 9

Vaccines

Answer 9

Contain weak strains of the pathogen (can’t reproduce in body bc too weak)

Immune system produces B cells

Question 10

Coronary thrombus

Answer 10

Caused from coronary heart disease

Heart can’t get oxygen and nutrients

Question 11

Histamine

Answer 11

Produced by white blood cells

Cause allergic reactions

Causes capillaries to open allowing WBC to go to site

Question 12

Effects of HIV on the immune system and methods of transmission.

Answer 12

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Effects
- specifically targets the helper T lymphocytes which regulate the adaptive immune system
- Causes infected helper T cells reproduce
- begins to spread, destroying the T lymphocytes in the process
- With a reduction in the number of helper T cells, antibodies are unable to be produced, resulting in a lowered immunity

Question 13

Lymphocytes

Answer 13

B Lymphocytes are activated by T lymphocytes in mammals.