11.2 Movement

Question 1

What are the 3 types of joints

Answer 1

Fibrous:
- Immovable, connected by ligaments (Skull)

Cartilaginous
- Partially moveable, connections of cartilage (Vertebrae Not including Atlas & Axis)

Synovial
- Freely movable, synovial capsule surrounds joint (Pivot, Ball & Socket, Hinge)

Question 2

Antagonistic muscle pairs

Answer 2

• Bicep Brachii & Tricep Brachii
• Quadriceps & Hamstrings

Muscles can only shorten to create movement –> Antagonistic pairs are needed

Question 3

Label the human elbow

Answer 3

Question 4

Antagonistic pairs in an insects leg

Answer 4

Question 5

Elbow structure functions

Answer 5

Bicep = flexor

Tricep = extensor

Humerous = Muscle Origin (anchor for muscle)

Radius = Muscle insertion for Biceps

Ulna = Muscle insertion for Triceps

Cartilage = Smooth surface for easy movement, absorbs shock and dilutes load

Synovial fluid = Provides food, oxygen & lubrication

Joint capsule = Seals the joint space & provides passive stability by limiting range of movement

Question 6

3 types of Muscle

Answer 6

Smooth

• Involuntary

Cardiac

• Striated
• Involuntary

Skeletal

• Striated
• Voluntary
• Multinucleate

Question 7

Skeletal Muscles “building bricks”

Answer 7

Question 8

Components of skeletal muscle

Answer 8

1. Muscle cell
2. Muscle fiber
3. Myofibril
4. Sarcomere (Section of myofibril)

• Sarcolemma (muscle fibre membrane) –> Sends messages to sarcomere to contract at same time

Transverese tubules (T-Tubules) (Connects to Sarcomeres)

• Sarcoplasmic reticulum ( Surrounds sarcomeres) –> Specialised Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Longitudinal Tubules (Connects T-Tubules to sarcolemma)
• Mitochondria (Between Myofibrils & Sarcolemma)

Nuclei

Question 9

Label and draw a sarcomere

Answer 9

Include Myosin heads

Question 10

How does a muscle contract

(8 Mark)

Answer 10

1. An action potensial reaches the muscle
2. Calcium ions diffuse into the sarcolemma.
3. Calcium ions bind to Troponin on the actin filaments. This causes the Tropomyosin to move, opening the binding sites for the myosin heads.
4. The Myosin heads then attatch to the binding site forming a cross-bridge by using ADP + P (Adenosine Diphosphate + Phosphate)
5. The Phosphate breaks off from the myosin head and goes back to the Mitochondria causing the myosin heads to pull forming the powerstroke and sliding of the filaments. ADP then goes back to the mitochondria
6. The muscle stays contracted unitl ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) attatches to the myosin head.
7. The ATP turns into ADP + P. This causes the crossbridge/ myosin heads to break off from their binding sites.
8. The muscle deatatches from the actin filament and is resting until another action potensial arrives.

Question 11

Synovial joints

Answer 11

allow certain movements but not others
Consist of three main components:
- Cartilage
- Synovial fluid
- Joint capsule

Question 12

Types of Synovial Joints

Answer 12