11.3 Kidney and Osmoregulation Flashcards
Osmolarity
Osmoregulators
Osmoconformers
Osmolarity:
The solute concentration of a solution
Osmoregulators:
Maintain constant internal solute concentration, even when the environment has a different osmolarity
Osmoconformers:
Internal solute concentration changes to match the environment. (Marine invertebres)
Malpighian tubules
The outpocketings of the digestive tract that are immersed circulatory fluid.
The tubules secrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid, excreted with feces.
carry out osmoregulation in insects
Draw and Label the Human Kidney
Nephron label
(Must annotate during exams)
- Glomerulus
- Afferent Arteriols
- Efferent Arteriols
- Bowman’s Capsule
- Proximal Convoluted Tubule
- Decending limb (Thick, Thin)
- Loop of Henle
- Accending limb (Thin, Thick)
- Distal Convoluted Tubule
- Collecting Duct
Glomerulus is in the Cortex
Loop of Henle is in the Medulla
Afferent arteriole
Brings blood from renal artery
Efferent arteriole
Helps generate pressure needed for filtration by restricting blood flow
Bowman’s capsule
Highly porous, collects filtrate
1. As the blood moves into the kidney via afferent arterioles it enters
2. This glomerulus is encapsulated by the Bowman’s capsule
3. the basement membrane between the bowmans capsule and glomerulus filters the blood
Glomerulous
Capillary bed where high pressure filtration occurs
Proximal convoluted tubule
selectively reabsorbs Water, nutrients and salts by active transport back into blood
Loop of henle
- Descending and ascending limbs Water and salt reabsorption
- maintains hypertonic conditions
- The length of the loop of Henle is positively correlated with the need for water conservation in animals
- Water conservation can be improved by having a longer loop of Henle, which increase the salt gradient in the medulla
Distal convoluted tubule
Water and salts are reabsorbed back into blood
Collecting duct
Carries filtrate to renal pelvis in kidney
The amount of water released from the collecting ducts to be retained by the body is controlled by anti-diuretic hormone (ADH).
ADH is released from the posterior pituitary in response to dehydration
This means less water remains in the filtrate, urine becomes concentrated and the individual urinates less
Vesa recta
Blood capillaries that run along loop of henle
Osmoregulators
Maintain constant
Osmoconformers
Change to environment (oyster)
Dehydration and overhydration
Dehydration:
- Dehydration is a loss of water from the body such that body fluids become hypertonic
- Blood pressure will drop (less water in plasma) and the heart rate will increase to compensate for this
- The individual will become lethargic and experience an inability to lower body temperature due to no sweat
Overhydration:
- over-consumption of water makes body fluids hypotonic
- produce excessive quantities of clear urine in an effort to remove water from the body
- The hypotonic body fluids will cause cells to swell (due to osmotic movement), which can lead to cell lysis and tissue damage
Treatment of kidney failure by hemodialysis or kidney transplant
hemodialysis
- Kidney dialysis involves the external filtering of blood in order to remove metabolic wastes in patients with kidney failure
- Kidney dialysis treatments typically last about 4 hours and occur 3 times a week
kidney transplant
- does not address the underlying issue affecting kidney function
- The transplanted kidney is grafted into the abdomen, with arteries, veins and ureter connected to the recipient’s vessels
- Donors must typically be a close genetic match in order to minimise the potential for graft rejection
