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IKK - Anatomy Exam 2 > Histology: Urinary Tract > Flashcards

Histology: Urinary Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 components of the urinary system?

A

paired kidneys
paired ureters
1 bladder
1 urethra

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2
Q

What are the 7 functions of the kidney?

A
  1. regulate blood/ion composition
  2. regulate blood volume and blood pressure
  3. regulate blood pH
  4. Conservation of valuable nutrients
  5. Production and secretion of hormones (endocrine)
  6. Assist liver in detoxification of poisons
  7. Eliminates organic wastes and foreign substances
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3
Q

What is the hilum of the kidney?

A

a deep, vertical fissure along the medial concave border of the kidney where renal vessels, nerves and renal pelvis pass in/out.

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4
Q

What is the space just past the hilum?

A

the renal sinus (internal space)

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5
Q

What is the “stuff” that is within the renal sinus?

A

loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, renal pelvis, calyces and blood vessel branches

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6
Q

What is the renal capsule? What is it composed of?

A

Composed of connective tissue

It is the capsule covering the entire kidney surface

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7
Q

What is parenchyme? Where is it located?

A

Layer just deep to superficial renal capsule

It is the functional component of the kidney

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8
Q

What is the parenchyme made up of?

A

the renal cortex and the renal medulla

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9
Q

What is the difference between the renal cortex and the renal medulla?

A

the renal cortex is the outer superficial portion

the renal medulla is the inner deep portion

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10
Q

What makes up the renal medulla?

A

renal pyramids and renal columns

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11
Q

What are renal pyramids/columns? How many? How are they oriented?

A

There are 6-8 renal pyramids in a kidney.

pyramids are conical structures with their bases facing the cortex and their tips pointing towards minor calyces

renal columns are between the pyramids

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12
Q

What are renal columns composed of?

A

cortical tissue

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13
Q

What is a renal lobe?

A

a renal pyramid, the overlying renal cortex and 1/2 of each adjacent renal column

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14
Q

When is the term “renal lobe” used?

A

in association with development

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15
Q

Describe the bloodflow pathway from renal artery to renal vein.

A 
Renal artery
Segmented artery
Interlobular artery
Arcuate artery
Interlobular artery
Afferent artery
Glomerular artery
Efferent artery
Peritubular capillaries (or vasa recta)
Interlobular veins
Arcuate veins
Interlobular veins
Renal vein
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16
Q

How many nephrons does 1 human have?

A

approximately 1 million

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17
Q

What are the two portions of a nephron?

A

Renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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18
Q

What is a renal corpuscle?

A

one of the portions of the nephron

where glomeruli filtration occurs

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19
Q

What is a renal tubule?

A

one of the portions of the nephron

where tubule reabsorption and secretion occur. (this is where we put back 99% back in blood)

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20
Q

What are the 3 processes each nephron performs for urine production?

A
  1. glomeruli filtration
  2. tubular reabsorption
  3. tubular secretion
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21
Q

Describe glomeruli filtration

A

water and solutes from blood plasma move from glomeruli capillaries into glomeruli capsule (bowman’s capsule)

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22
Q

Describe tubular reabsorption

A

Filtered fluid moves through the renal tubule and the tubule reabsorbs 99% of filtered water and solutes

these return back to blood stream at peritubular capillaries (or vasa recta)

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23
Q

Describe tubular secretion

A

tubular cells can remove additional substances from blood in peritubular capillaries

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24
Q

Where is the renal corpuscle located?

A

Renal cortex

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25
Q

What are the two portions of the renal corpuscle?

A

the glomerulus and bowman’s capscule (glomerular capsule)

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26
Q

What is the glomerulus? What supplies/drains it?

A

Glomerulus is a tuft of capillaries with 10-20 capillary loops

It is supplied by afferent arterioles and is drained by efferent arterioles

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27
Q

What is bowman’s capsule? What is another name for it?

A

bowman’s capsule aka glomerular capsule

double walled epithelial cup surrounding glomerulus. made up of 2 layers (visceral and parietla)

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28
Q

What are the two layers of bowman’s capsule? What is between them.

A

Visceral part of bowman’s capusle = internal

Parietal part of bowman’s capsule = external

Between these two layers = bowman’s space aka urinary space aka capsular space
^this is where ultrafiltrate is collected

29
Q

Where is bowman’s space? What are other names for it?

A

Bowman’s space is between the visceral and parietal layer of bowman’s/glomerular capsule

bowman’s space aka urinary space aka capsular space

30
Q

What is the primitive renal tubule an extension of?

A

an extension of the ureteric bud

31
Q

How does the renal corpuscle develop?

A

the primitive renal tubule protrudes into the developing glomerulus so that it evaginates - creating bowman’s capsule

32
Q

Describe the epithelial lining of the two layers of bowman’s capsule (glomerular capsule)

A

Visceral layer = podocytes (modified simple squamous epithelium)

Parietal = simple squamous epithelium

33
Q

What are podocytes and all of their parts?

A

modified simple squamous epithelial cells on the visceral layer of bowman’s capsule.

pedicels = extensions of podocytes that wrap around single layer of endothelium of glomeruli capillaries.

filtration slit = space between two pediciles where ultrafiltrate from blood enters

34
Q

What are pedicels? Where are they?

A

Pedicels are extensions of podocytes (modified simple squamous epithelial cells of visceral layer of bowman’s capsule)

Pedicels cover the single layer of endothelium of the glomeruli capillaries.

35
Q

What is a filtration slit? Where is it?

A

Filtration slits are the space between two pedicles (which are extensions of podocytes) (podocytes are modified simple squamous epithelial cells in visceral layer of bowman’s capsule)

Filtration slits are where ultrafiltrate from blood enters bowman’s space (which is the space between visceral layer and parietal layer of bowman’s capsule)

36
Q

What covers the filtration slit?

A

slit diaphram (semi-permeable membrane)

37
Q

What is a slit diaphram? Where is it?

A

Covers the filtration slit (between two pedicels of podocytes in visceral layer of bowman’s capillaries)

Slit diaphragm is a semipermeable membrane

38
Q

Where are mesangial cells?

A

hang on to basement membrane of glomerulus (difficult to see on histology slide)

39
Q

What are the two poles of the renal corpuscle? What occurs at each end?

A

vascular pole = where afferent/efferent arterioles exit/enter

urinary/tubular pole = filtrate exits bowman’s space and enters PCT

40
Q

Where is the vascular pole and the urinary/tubular pole of the renal corpuscle in relation to each other?

A

they are 180degrees apart

41
Q

What does the renal tubule consist of?

A

Proximal conv tubule, loop of henle, distal conv tubule

42
Q

Loop of henle aka _____

A

nephron loop

43
Q

What occurs at the renal tubule?

A

tubule reabsorption and tubule secretion

44
Q

Which is within the renal cortex and which is within the renal medulla: PCT, Loop of Henle, DCT?

A

PCT: cortex
Loop of henle: starts in cortex, enters medulla, re-enters the cortex
DCT: cortex

45
Q

What is the epithelial lining of all of the portions of the renal tubule?

A

PCT= simple cuboidal

Loop of henle

  • Thick desc. limb = simple cuboidal
  • Thin desc. limb = simple squamous
  • Thin asc. limb = simple squamous
  • Thick desc. limb = simple cuboidal

DCT = simple cuboidal

46
Q

Compare PCT and DCT diameter size (on histology size)

A

PCT are larger diameter

47
Q

Compare PCT and DCT staining (on histology size)

A

PCTs have a more eosinophilic cytoplasm which means it stains pinker because of mitochondria

DCTs are eosinophilic, just not as much

48
Q

Compare PCT and DCT nuclei (on histology size)

A

PCTs have fewer nuclei around border because they have a larger lumen because their diameter is larger

49
Q

Compare PCT and DCT microvilli (on histology size)

A

PCTs have many, long microvilli so they have a brush border

DCTs have fewer and not as long microvilli, no brush border.

50
Q

Compare PCT and DCT luminal edge(on histology size)

A

PCT luminal edge = fuzzy, irregular, star-shaped because of microvilli brush border

DCT luminal edge = smoother because no brush border

51
Q

What does JGA stand for?

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

52
Q

What makes up the JGA?

A

(JGA = juxtaglomerular apparatus)

Lacis cells + macula dense + juxtaglomerular cells = JGA

53
Q

What is the JGA?

A

Final part of the thick portion of the ascending limb coming into contact with the afferent arteriole on the same nephron

54
Q

What is a macula dense?

A

Macula densa = region where cell are crowded and become columnar with apical nuclei

55
Q

What are juxtaglomerular cells? Where are they?

A

Modified smooth muscle cells - APPEAR DIFFERENT than regular smooth m cells

They are alongside the macula densa on the wall of the afferent arterioles

56
Q

Where are Lacis cells? Lacis cells aka _____

A

Extraglomerular mesangial cells

They are between the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells

57
Q

What does the DCT lead into?

A

The collecting duct

58
Q

How does the epithelium of the collecting duct change while moving distally?

A

collecting ducts are cuboidal epithelium

slowly transition into columnar epithelium at renal papilla (now in capillary ducts)

59
Q

What are the two cell populations in collecting ducts?

A

Principle cells (aka collecting cells aka light cells)

Intercalated cells (aka dark cells)

60
Q

What are principle cells? Aka ____ & ___? Where are they?

A

They are paile staining and have a cilium associated with them with relatively few short microvilli

They have an abundance of ADH-regulated water channels

aka collecting cells aka light cells

found in the collecting ducts

61
Q

What are intercalated cells? Aka ___? Where are they?

A

Cells with dense cytoplasm and microvilli

aka dark cells

found in collecting ducts

62
Q

What are two categorizations of nephrons?

A

cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons?

63
Q

What is the difference between the two categorizations of nephrons?

A

cortical nephrons = glomerulus is high up in the cortex

juxtamedullary nephroms = glomerulus is right next to the medulla

64
Q

What is a medullary ray?

A

The portions of the loop of henle only containing the STRAIGHT portions (the thick portions)

65
Q

What are the wall modifications for calcyes, renal pelvis, ureter and urinary bladder?

A
  1. Mucosa (transitional epithelium adn lamina propria)
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis (smooth muscle with inner longitudinal layer, outer circular layer and outermost longitudinal layer at distal end of ureter and bladder)
  4. Adventitia
66
Q

What kind of lumen does the ureter have?

A

A star shaped lumen

67
Q

What are the three portions of the male urethra from proximal to distal?

A
  1. prosthatic urethra
  2. membraneous urethra
  3. spongy/penile urethra
68
Q

What kind of lining is associated with each of the portions of the male urethra?

A
  1. prosthatic urethra = urothelium (transitional)
  2. membraneous urethra = stratified columnar and psudostratified columnar epithelium
  3. spongy/penile urethra = stratified columnar and psuedostratified columnar and at distal end it has stratified squamous epithelium
69
Q

What is the lining associated with the female urethra?

A

initially urothelium and then transitions into stratified squamous epithelium

occassional there is psuedostratified columnar

IKK - Anatomy Exam 2 (13 decks)

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