6.2 Flashcards
what type of antagonist is Caffeine?
Adenosinergic (binds but doesn’t activate the adenosine receptors)
What happens to cAMP when you have Caffeine?
the enzyme that normally breaks it down is INHIBITED–> more glucose production, cellular energy and activity are produced
What does nicotine stimulate?
acetylcholine nicotinic receptors
Does tolerance develop to nicotine?
yes, it rapidly and can be potentially lethal
At low doses, what does a GABAergic agonist do?
reduce anxiety
at medium doses, what does a GABAergic agonist do?
cause sedation
at high doses, what does a GABAergic agonist do?
anesthesia or induce coma
how do benzos and alcohol differ in their effects on GABA?
alcohol–> increases GABA binding, maximizes the time the pore of the receptor is open
benzos–> influence the frequency of pore opening
what happens if you drink alcohol and take a benzo (antianxiety med)?
their effects summate so it is dangerous (lots of GABA activity)
what two GABAergic agonists show cross tolerance?
alcohol+benzos
what are 3 examples of Benzodiazepines?
diazepam, alprazolam, clonazepam
when would a pregnant mother consuming alcohol cause. the worst effects?
first trimester
What happens to someone with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder?
apoptotic neurodegeneration (because of too much activation of GABA receptors)
causes facial deformations
what are the glutamatergic receptors?
NMDA, AMPA, Kainate
(all ionotropic)
what are the two antagonists for NMDA receptors?
PCP and Ketamine
-produce hallucinations and out-of-body experiences (dissociation)
what drug is being used to treat treatment-resistant depression?
Ketamine
can have bad effects (panic attacks or heart problems) if taken at the wrong dose
How does Ketamine increase glutamate activity?
Ketamine blocks NMDA receptors on inhibitory neurons.
feedback loop using GABA (inhibitory) is blocked and more glutamate (excititory) is in the synapse.
what are the two agonists for AMPA receptors?
PCP and Ketamine
increases BDMF (growth hormone for cells in the hippocampus).
both drugs increase release of dopamine in mesolimbic pathway
Cocaine is a dopamine ________
agonist
how does cocaine prevent dopamine reuptake?
blocking dopamine transporter
How does amphetamine work as a dopamine agonist?
Reverses the dopamine reuptake transporter
How do Adderall and Ritalin help to treat ADHD?
They increase the amount of dopamine in the synaptic cleft by preventing reuptake. Excessive reuptake is what is thought to cause ADHD.
What is the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia?
Schizophrenia is caused by excessive dopamine in frontal lobes
What is chlorpromazine used for and how does it work?
A dopamine antagonist usually prescribed for schizophrenia or drug induced psychosis that works by blocking D2 receptors
Clozapine
Weakly blocks D2 receptors and 5-HT receptors
MAO inhibitors, Tricyclics and SSRIs work to treat depression by?
Acting as serotonergic agonists, increasing the amount of serotonin in the synaptic cleft
