5.3

Question 1

What is another name for motor neurons?

Answer 1

Cholinergic neurons

Question 2

Why are motor neurons called cholinergic neurons?

Answer 2

Because acetylcholine is their main neurotransmitter

Question 3

Are motor neurons in skeletal muscles excitatory or inhibitory?

Answer 3

Excitatory

Question 4

What is the single main receptor that serves the SNS?

Answer 4

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChr)

Question 5

What does SNS stand for?

Answer 5

Somatic nervous system

Question 6

What compound in tobacco cigarettes stimulates the nAChr?

Answer 6

Nicotine

Question 7

What ions does the nAChr affect?

Answer 7

Na+ influx and K+ efflux (simultaneously)

Question 8

The structure of nicotine is similar to what neurotransmitter?

Answer 8

Acetylcholine

Question 9

What does ANS stand for?

Answer 9

Autonomic nervous system

Question 10

What are the two division of the ANS?

Answer 10

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Question 11

What is the sympathetic division responsible for?

Answer 11

Fight-or-flight

Question 12

What is the parasympathetic division responsible for?

Answer 12

Rest-and-digest

Question 13

What is the main receptor controls both divisions of the ANS (signals being sent by the CNS)

Answer 13

Acetylcholine

Question 14

What neurotransmitter in the sympathetic division readies the body for flight-or-flight?

Answer 14

Norepinephrine

Question 15

What neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic division readies the body for rest-and-digest?

Answer 15

Acetylcholine

Question 16

How does NE affect the heart vs other organs?

Answer 16

Excitatory for the heart (increase heart rate), inhibitory for other organs (decrease function - gut for example)

Question 17

Is acetylcholine excitatory or inhibitory for the heart?

Answer 17

Inhibitory (decrease heart rate)

Question 18

What does ENS stand for?

Answer 18

Enteric Nervous System

Question 19

What is the purpose of ENS neurons?

Answer 19

To detect mechanical and chemical conditions in the gastrointestinal system;
Control the mixing of intestinal contents; secrete digestive enzymes

Question 20

What are the chief neurotransmitters in the ENS (according to text)

Answer 20

Serotonin and dopamine

Question 21

What is an activating system?

Answer 21

Neural pathways that coordinate brain activity through a single
neurotransmitter; its cell bodies lie in a brainstem nucleus; axons are
distributed through a wide CNS region.

Question 22

What brain regions are innervated in the cholinergic activating system?

Answer 22

midbrain nuclei, basal forebrain nuclei, frontal cortex, corpus callosum.

Question 23

What parts of the brain are innervated in the dopaminergic activating system?

Answer 23

ventral tegmentum, substantia nigra, cerebellum, caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens in the basal ganglia

Question 24

What are the parts of the brain innervated in the noradrenergic activating system?

Answer 24

Locus coeruleus, thalamus

Question 25

What parts of the brain are innervated in the serotonergic activating system?

Answer 25

Raphe nuclei

Question 26

Where in the brain is acetylcholinesterase especially dense?

Answer 26

Basal ganglia

Question 27

What behaviors does the cholinergic activating system participate in?

Answer 27

Waking, attention, memory

Question 28

Alzheimer disease

Answer 28

Degenerative brain disorder related to aging; first appears as progressive memory loss and later develops into generalized dementia.

Question 29

What can be seen in the brain of a patient with Alzheimer's?

Answer 29

Loss of cholinergic neurons, damage to neocortex

Question 30

What are 2 treatment strategies for someone with Alzheimer's?

Answer 30

Medication to inhibit AChE or to increase nicotinic receptors

Question 31

What are the two pathways in the dopaminergic activating system?

Answer 31

Nigrostriatal dopaminergic system and mesolimbic dopaminergic system

Question 32

What is the role of the nigrostriatal system in the body?

Answer 32

Coordinating movement

Question 33

Parkinson's disease

Answer 33

loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. extreme muscular rigidity, rhythmic tremors

Question 34

What is the role of the mesolimbic system in the body?

Answer 34

Impulse control Has a role in addiction

Question 35

Addiction

Answer 35

loss of impulse control dopamine in the mesolimbic system most affected stimulating mesolimbic system enhances responses to environmental stimuli

Question 36

Schizophrenia

Answer 36

Behavioral disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, blunted emotion, agitation or immobility, and a host of associated symptoms. Excessive mesolimbic dopaminergic activity

Question 37

What roles does the noradrenergic system have in the brain/body?

Answer 37

Learning (stimulating neurons to change structure) Healthy brain development, organizing movement

Question 38

Noradrenergic neuron

Answer 38

a neuron that uses norepinephrine as its transmitter

Question 39

Major depression

Answer 39

Characterized by prolonged feelings of worthlessness and guilt, the disruption of typical eating habits, sleep disturbances, a general slowing of behavior, and frequent thoughts of suicide; decreased activity of noradrenergic neurons

Question 40

Mania

Answer 40

Disordered mental state of extreme excitement. increased activity of noradrenergic neurons.

Question 41

ADHD

Answer 41

associated with decreased noradrenergic neural activity

Question 42

What roles does the serotonergic activating pathway play in the body?

Answer 42

Wakefulness, learning, mood

Question 43

What disorders are relating to the serotonergic activating pathway?

Answer 43

Depression and OCD (low activation), schizophrenia (increased activation), SIDS, sleep apnea

Question 44

OCD

Answer 44

Behavior characterized by compulsively repeated acts (such as hand washing) and repetitive, often unpleasant, thoughts (obsessions).