13.6 Flashcards
Disorders of Sleep
What is insomnia?
Symptom of a number of disorders characterized by an inability to fall asleep or stay asleep
What is hypersomnia?
Disorder of falling asleep at inappropriate times, a difficulty staying awake, or being excessively tired while awake
What is drug dependence insomnia?
The syndrome in which patients unsuccessfully attempt to sleep by increasing their drug dosage
What is fatal familial insomnia?
An almost complete inability to sleep, contributing to death in a number of months; prion disorder
What is sleep apnea?
Inability to breathe during sleep, causing a sleeper to wake up to breathe
What is a condition that leads to the cause of hypersomnia?
Sleep apnea
What is central sleep apnea?
Sleep apnea caused by weak neural command to respiratory muscles
What is obstructive sleep apnea?
Sleep apnea caused by collapse or blockage of the upper airway
What is sudden infant death syndrome?
A case where an otherwise healthy infant inexplicably die in their sleep; could be related to serotonin
What is sleeping beauty (Kleine-Levin) syndrome?
A rare condition in which the sufferer has recurring bouts of excessive sleeping (can be more than 20 hours); usually afflicts adolescent males
What is narcolepsy?
A rare condition with symptoms that can include sleep paralysis, cataplexy, and hypnogogic hallucinations and excessive daytime sleepiness; patients immediately go into REM sleep
What is sleep paralysis?
Atonia and dreaming that occur when a person is awake, usually just falling asleep or waking up; typically accompanied by dread or fear
What is cataplexy?
State of atonia;, as in R-sleep, occurring while a person is awake and active; linked to strong emotional stimulation; often experienced with hypnogogic hallucinations
What are hypnogogic hallucinations?
Dreamlike events occurring as sleep begins or while person is in a state of cataplexy (e.g., seeing imaginary creatures or hearing imaginary voices)
What is orexin?
A peptide neurotransmitter that serves as a signaling molecule to maintain wakefulness; also called hypocretin; loss of orexin cells is associated with narcolepsy with cataplexy
What areas of the brain showed neuronal loss in narcoleptic dogs?
The hypothalamus and the amygdala
In narcoleptic dogs, the neurons in the subcoerulear nucleus became _____ and the neurons in the magnocellular nucleus of the medulla became ______ during acts of cataplexy, just as they do during ______
inactive; active; REM sleep
Where are orexin cells located in the brain?
Hypothalamus
What is r-sleep behavioral disorder?
A disorder in which, due to a genetic basis or neurological cause associated with aging, patients behave as if acting out their dreams in REM sleep.
What drugs are used to treat R-sleep behavioral disorder?
Benzodiazepines (they block r-sleep)
Disorders of N-sleep include ________, in which a person has difficulty falling asleep at night and ________, in which a person falls asleep involuntarily in the daytime
insomnia; hypersomnia
Treating insomnia with sleeping pills, usually sedative hypnotics, may cause ________: progressively higher doses must be taken to achieve sleep
drug-dependent insomnia
Disorders of R-sleep include _________, in which a person awakens but cannot move and is afraid, and _________, in which a person may lose all muscle tone and collapse while awake
Sleep paralysis; cataplexy
People who act out their dreams, a condition termed _________, may have damage to the _________ nucleus
REM sleep behavioral disorder (aka REM without atonia); subcoerulear
