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PSYCHOLOGY A LEVEL 2.0 > 6.1 Criminological content > Flashcards

6.1 Criminological content Flashcards

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1
Q

What is antisocial behaviour?

A

The Crime and Disorder Act (1998) defines it as:

Acting in a way that causes, or is likely to cause harassment, alarm or distress to one or more people not of the same household as the person is acting in this way.

Antisocial behaviour can include:
Drunken behaviour,
Making hoax calls,
Being excessively noisy
and not controlling animals,

in addition to:
causing criminal damage, taking drugs
and intimidating other people

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2
Q

What is harassment?

A

Acting in an aggressive or intimidating manner to other people.

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3
Q

What are causal factors?

A

Factors that definitely make the person act in a criminal or antisocial way.

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4
Q

What is temperance?

A

Abstinence from drinking alcohol.

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5
Q

List 10 biological explanations for crime. (just name them don’t go into detail)

A
  • Brain injury
  • Amygdala
  • Sham rage
  • Raine study
  • XYY syndrome
  • Other genetics
  • Personality
  • Personality disorders
  • Neurotransmitter
  • Hormones
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6
Q

Describe and evaluate how brain injury can be an explanation for crime.

A

(see page 365 + 366 in the thick blue text book)

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7
Q

What is a psychopath?

A

A type of personality disorder that affects how a person interacts with others.

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8
Q

What does ablate mean?

A

To remove or destroy the function of an organ or body tissue.

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9
Q

Describe how can the amygdala be used as an explanation of crime.

A

(see page 366 in the thick blue text book)

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10
Q

Describe how can sham rage be used as an explanation of crime.

A

(see page 366 in the thick blue text book)

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11
Q

Describe how can Raine et al be used as an explanation of crime.

A

(see page 366 + 367 in the thick blue text book)

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12
Q

Describe how the XXY syndrome can be used as an explanation for crime.

A

(see page 368 in the thick blue text book)

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13
Q

Describe how genetics (not XXY) can be used as an explanation for crime.

A

(see page 368 in the thick blue text book)

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14
Q

Describe how personality can be used as an explanation for crime.

A

(see page 369 in the thick blue text book)

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15
Q

Describe how personality disorders can be used as an explanation for crime.

A

(see page 370 in the thick blue text book)

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16
Q

What is. the limbic system?

A

A set of structures in the brain associated with drives, emotion and mood.

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17
Q

What is extraversion?

A

Behaviour is outgoing, sociable and active. Individuals want excitement and may become easily bored.

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18
Q

What is introversion?

A

Individuals are typically reserved and reflective. An introvert is more likely to prefer solitary to social activities.

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19
Q

What. is neuroticism?

A

Emotional instability associated with anxiety, fear, depression and envy.

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20
Q

What is stability in terms of personality?

A

An individual is emotionally calm, unreactive and unworried.

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21
Q

What is psychoticism?

A

Individuals lack empathy, are aggressive, impersonal and cold.

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22
Q

What is the arousal theory?

A

Individuals are motivated to act in a way to maintain a certain level of physiological arousal. When arousal levels drop below our personal optimal level, we engage in stimulating behaviour to increase arousal.

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23
Q

What is recidivism?

A

A tendency to relapse into a previous mode of behaviour such as criminal behaviour.

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24
Q

What does narcissistic mean?

A

A personality type that results in the person focusing on themselves, and having a need to be admired by others. It can lead to the exploitation of others.

25
Q

What does paranoid mean?

A

A personality type that results in a distrust of other and suspiciousness. A paranoid person takes criticism very personally and can bear grudges.

26
Q

Describe how neurotransmitters can be used as an explanation of crime.

A

(see page 372 in the thick blue text book)

27
Q

Describe how hormones can be used as an explanation of crime.

A

(see page 372 in the thick blue text book)

28
Q

What is serotonin?

A

A chemical created by the body that works as a neurotransmitter. It is responsible for managing moods.

29
Q

What Is dopamine?

A

A neurotransmitter. It is a chemical messenger that helps in the transmission of signals between neurons in the brain.

30
Q

What are anabolic steroids?

A

Synthetic forms of testosterone. They promote the growth of body muscle and strength in users.

31
Q

List the 2 social explanations for crime. (just name them)

A
  • Labelling and self-fulfilling prophecy

- Social learning theory

32
Q

Describe how labelling and self-fulfilling prophecy can be used as an explanation for crime.

A

(see page 373, 374, 375, 376 in the thick blue text book)

33
Q

Describe how social learning theory can be used as an explanation for crime.

A

(see page 377 in the thick blue text book)

34
Q

What is labelling?

A

This occurs when general and broad terms are used to describe members of a group.

35
Q

What is self-fulfilling prophecy?

A

A stereotype that leads someone to act in a manner consistent with the stereotype.

36
Q

What is a stereotype?

A

An overgeneralised belief about someone or something typically based on limited information.

37
Q

What is prejudice?

A

Dislike or unfair behaviour based on false or misguided opinion.

38
Q

What is discrimination?

A

The practice of treating one person or group differently from another in an unfair way.

39
Q

What does vicarious mean?

A

Learning through the consequence of another person’s behaviour.

40
Q

What is a meta-analysis?

A

A research method where a researcher examines the results of several previous studies rather than conducting new research with Pps.

41
Q

Read page 379 in the thick blue text book, I couldn’t figure out how to make questions out of it.

A

Understand?

42
Q

What are the four main techniques used within the cognitive interview?

A

Guided by Geiselman et al (1985):

  1. Reinstate the context at the time of the event.
  2. Report everything.
  3. Change the order in which the event is recalled.
  4. Change perspective.

(see page 380 in the thick blue text book)

43
Q

Does the cognitive interview work?

A

(see page 380 + 381 in the thick blue text book)

44
Q

How do cognitive interviews ensure of ethics?

A

(see page 381 in the thick blue text book)

45
Q

What is a psychological formulation? Draw an example one.

A

A way of making sense of a persons difficulties, by looking at their relationships, biological snd social circumstances, life events, and how they have interpreted the events that have happened to them.

(see page 382 + 383 in the thick blue text book)

46
Q

Why should we treat offenders?

A

(see page 384 in the thick blue text book)

47
Q

How is CBT used to treat offenders?

A

(see page 385 in the thick blue text book)

48
Q

How is anger management used to treat offenders?

A
  1. Cognitive preparation
  2. Skill acquisition
  3. Application practice

(see page 386 in the thick blue text book)

49
Q

How is diet used to treat offenders?

A

(see page 388 in the thick blue text book)

50
Q

How are hormones used to treat offenders?

A

(see page 389 + 390 + 391 in the thick blue text book)

51
Q

What is a placebo?

A

An inactive substance often used as a control in a study to see the effect of a drug.

52
Q

What is the Overt Agression Scale-Modified for Outpatients?

A

A rating scale that is used to identify the level of aggression presented by an individual within the past week. The scale is completed by people who know the individual well.

53
Q

How can stress and arousal influence EWT?

A

(see page 392 in the thick blue text book)

54
Q

Describe what flashbulb memories are.

A

(see page 393 in the thick blue text book)

55
Q

How can post-event information influence EWT?

A

(see page 394 + 395 in the thick blue text book)

56
Q

How can weapon focus influence EWT?

A

(see page 396 + 397 in the thick blue text book)

57
Q

What is weapon focus?

A

Refers to an eyewitness’s concentration on a weapon to the exclusion of other details of a crime.

58
Q

What factors can influence jury decision making\?

A

(the stuff about gender and race and how being good looking, get charged for fraud, make notes on this when got your folder cuz got sheets from eye on it)

PSYCHOLOGY A LEVEL 2.0 (36 decks)

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