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PSYCHOLOGY A LEVEL 2.0 > 2.2 Cognitive methods > Flashcards

2.2 Cognitive methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a laboratory experiment?

A

An experiment conducted in a controlled environment.

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2
Q

What is a field experiment?

A

A piece of research that takes place in the setting where the behaviour being studied would naturally occur.

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3
Q

What is operationalisation?

A

Defining the variables specifically so that they are directly tested.

What the variables are and how you will measure them.

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4
Q

What is an alternative hypothesis?

A

A statement that lays out what a researcher predicts will be found. This also known as an experimental hypothesis when the research methodology adopted is experimental.

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5
Q

What is a directional hypothesis?

A

A directional hypothesis predicts the direction of difference or relationship that the results likely to take.

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6
Q

What is a non-directional hypothesis?

A

A non-directional hypothesis predicts that a difference or relationship will be found, but not the direction that the difference or relationship will take.

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7
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A

Predicts no difference/relationship will be found or that any difference/relationship is due to chance factors.

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8
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

The variable that is manipulated or changed by the researcher in order to demonstrate a difference between the experimental conditions.

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9
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

The variable that is measured or the result of the experiment.

The dependent variable measures any changes that occur because of the independent variable.

This allows causality to be established.

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10
Q

What is an extraneous variable?

A

A variable that may have affected the dependent variable but that was not the independent variable.

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11
Q

What is a confounding variable?

A

A variable that affects the findings of a study directly, so much that you are no longer measuring what was intended.

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12
Q

What is the Hawthorne effect?

A

The presence of a researcher affects performance in a task.

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13
Q

What is a single-blind procedure?

A

To control for demand characteristics, participants maybe unaware that they are part of an experiment, or may have been deceived as to the true nature of the study.

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14
Q

What is a double-blind procedure?

A

Neither the participant nor researcher knows the aim the study.

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15
Q

What is a control group?

A

A group of Pps that does not experience the experimental situation but acts as a baseline against which to judge any change.

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16
Q

What are individual differences?

A

Natural variation in human characteristics.

17
Q

What are Pp variables?

A

Natural variable in human characteristics.

18
Q

What are order effects?

A

The problems with presentation order of stimulus material

Pps may become practised at the test so improve performance or they may become tired so that performance deteriorates.

19
Q

What is an independent groups design?

What is a strength and weakness of this design?

A

Pps are divided into groups and are only involved in one of the experimental conditions of the experiment.

STRENGTH:
- Pps less likely to guess the aim, they do not know about the other conditions. The chance of demand characteristics or expectancy effects is somewhat reduced.

WEAKNESS:

  • Have to recruit twice as many Pps because you need separate groups.
  • May be individual differences or participant variables between Pps in each group, makes the comparison unreliable.

(on page 114 in the thick blue text book)

20
Q

What is a repeated measures design?

What is a strength and weakness of this design?

A

Pps take part in all conditions of the experiment.

STRENGTH:

  • No individual differences as they’re all in the same group
  • Fewer Pps needed, more economical than independent groups.

WEAKNESS:

  • Demand characteristics greatly increased, because they have knowledge of all conditions of the study, more likely to guess the aim.
  • Order effects.

(on page 115 in the thick blue text book)

21
Q

What is a matches pairs design?

What is a strength and weakness of this design?

A

Different Pps are assigned to each condition of the experiment (similar to independent groups) but they are matched on characteristics important to the study.
The characteristics are often stablished by pre-testing and researching the lives and backgrounds of all the Pps.

STRENGTH:

  • Each Pps in each condition can be compared fairly.
  • Conditions can be compared more reliably and any difference found between the results of each conditions more likely to be due to the independent variable, so causation can be established.

WEAKNESS:

  • Time consuming
  • Many Pps have to be excluded form the study because they do not meet the matching criteria
  • Very difficult to match pairs on all possible characteristics that could have an effect on the dependent variable.
22
Q

What is internal validity?

A

The extent to which the outcome of the study is the direct result of the manipulated independent variable.

23
Q

What is external validity?

A

The extent to which the findings apply to other people and situations.

24
Q

What is construct validity?

A

The extent to which the test measures what it claims to measure.

25
Q

What is predictive validity?

A

The extent to which results form a test or a study can predict future behaviour.

26
Q

What is ecological validity?

A

The extent to which the findings still explain the behaviour in different situations.

27
Q

What is population validity?

A

The extent to which the findings can be applied to other people.

28
Q

What is the hippocampus?

A

A structure of the brain responsible for learning, emotion and memory.

29
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

The loss of ability to make new memories, while memories before the injury remain relatively intact.

30
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

The loss of ability to recall events prior to the injury.

31
Q

Describe the case study of HM.

A

(see page 124 in the thick blue text book)

PSYCHOLOGY A LEVEL 2.0 (36 decks)

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