6.1

Question 1

1. What are the three kinds of cellular respiration?

Answer 1

Aerobic/anaerobic/fermentation

Question 2

2. What are the three stages of aerobic cellular respiration?

Answer 2

Glycolysis, Krebs/Citric acid cylce, electron transfer phosphorylation

Question 3

3. Equation that summarizes aerobic cellular respiration – The reactants, products and the number of molecules (Balance the equation)

Answer 3

C6-H12-O6 + (6)O2 ——–> (6)CO2 + (6)H2O + 36ATP

Question 4

4. What is glycolysis?

Answer 4

A mostly universal metabolic pathway that splits glucose into 2 3C pyruvate molecules. Happens in cytoplasm. 2 net ATP, 2 NADH. Requires input of energy

Question 5

What is substrate level phosphorylation? When is is used to make ATP?

Answer 5

ATP is produced when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group directly from a high energy donor molecule to ADP. Used in glycolysis

Question 6

What is chemiosmotic/oxidative phosphorylation? When is it used to make ATP?

Answer 6

Reactions that produce ATP using ATP synthase and the potential energy of a proton gradient. The ATP synthase captures the potential energy of the gradient and saves it in a usable form: ATP. Used in ETC

Question 7

8. Why some cells produce 36 ATPs?

Answer 7

The NADH produced during glycolysis cannot cross the mitochondrial membranes: they transfer e’ and H+ ions to molecules that can. After crossing the membranes, the intermediary molecules transfer the electrons to NAD+ or FAD in the inner compartment. If the transferring molecules transfers the H+ ions and e’ to FAD then the net yield of ATPs would be 36.Liver, Heart and Kidney cells – 36ATPs, Brain and skeletal muscle cells – 38ATPs)

Question 8

9. Explain the role of O2 in respiration.

Answer 8

Oxygen functions as the last electron acceptor in the etc. Water is formed when it accepts an electron. If the oxygen did not pick up the electron, the chain would not function. O2 has a strong attraction for electrons.

Question 9

11. Explain how anaerobic respiration is different from aerobic respiration.

Answer 9

In aerobic resp. the last electron acceptor is O2 which produces h2o. In anaerobic resp. the last electron acceptor is an electron acceptor other than oxygen. (i.e. nitrate/ammonia). Aerobic respiration is more efficient than anaerobic producing 36 ATP to anaerobic’s 18 ATP.

Question 10

12. What is fermentation?

Answer 10

Metabolic pathway in the cytoplasm in which NADH from glycolysis reduces pyruvate. NAD+ is recycled back to be used to turn glucose to pyruvate. This is necessary for the organisms survival.

Question 11

What are the 2 kinds of fermentation reactions?

Answer 11

Alcoholic fermentation, Lactate fermentation

Question 12

How many ATPs are produced during fermentation?

Answer 12

2

Question 13

Why is it important for NADH to be regenerated during fermentation?

Answer 13

For survival of the organism. NAD+ must be recycled back in order for the first step (glucose—>pyruvate) of fermentation to happen.

Question 14

How many ATPs are produced during aerobic resp?

Answer 14

36-38

Question 15

How many ATPs are produced during anaerobic resp?

Answer 15

18

Question 16

What do the pathways of aerobic respiration do?

Answer 16

The pathways of aerobic respiration oxidize (remove electrons from) glucose and reduce (add electrons to) o2.

Question 17

What are 2 differences in lactate and alcoholic fermentation?

Answer 17

Alcoholic fermentation releases co2 and has an intermediate (pyryvate - acetyladehyde - ethanol). Lactate fermentation does not release CO2 and does not have an intermediate (pyruvate - lactate.)

Question 18

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 18

CR includes the catabolic pathways of aerobic respiration, fermentation and anaerobic respiration, all of which break down organic molecules for the production of ATP.

Question 19

Where does glycolysis happen in the cell?

Answer 19

cytoplasm

Question 20

Where does Citric acid cycle happen?

Answer 20

Matrix of mitochondria

Question 21

Where does ETC happen?

Answer 21

Inner membrane

Question 22

Acetyl CoA formation

Answer 22

2 pyruvate from glycolysis are moved into the mitochondrion and split by enzymes forming 2 acetyl CoA, 2 NADH and 2 CO2.

Question 23

Krebs

Answer 23

Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle, loses the coenzyme, and combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate. The remaining steps in Krebs rearrange and oxidize the citrate through several intermediates until it is turned back into oxaloacetate. It can now be reused in the cycle.