2.5 Flashcards
All the molecules of life are built with carbon atoms. Explain
Carbon's versatility is what makes organic chemistry, and therefore life (which is dependent on organic compounds) possible. Carbon special qualities: 1. Can bond with 1, 2, 3, or 4 atoms 2. Can form polar or non-polar bonds 3. Can form chains or rings
What are functional groups?
Molecular connectors that hook one subunit of an organic molecule to another
List all the functional groups with their structure.
Hydroxal, carboxal, amino, phosphate chap
Explain the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
In dehydration synthesis, an enzyme binds two monomers releasing a water molecule. In hydrolysis, water is added when the bond between monomers is broken.
What is an example of Hydrolysis?
Digestive enzymes breaking down the proteins and other polymers in food.
What is an example of dehydration Synthesis?
formation of a disaccharide from two monosaccharides
List the four organic molecules (biomolecules) build on the framework of carbon atoms.
Carbs, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Lipids
What is a monomer?
Single unit of Carb, protein or nucleic acid
What is a Polymer?
Joined monomers
· List the monomers of the organic molecules.
Simple sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides
· List the polymers of the organic molecules.
Complex carbs, Lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
· What are the 3 main types of carbohydrates in living system?
Monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides
Explain the three major types of polysaccharides in the living system.
Cellulose, Starch, Glycogen. Cellulose provides structure to plants. Both starch and glycogen act as storage molecules for energy.
· List the different kinds of lipids?
Triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, sterols
What is a saturated fat, characteristics
Single covalent bond between carbons, sheetlike structure, solid
What is a monounsaturated fat, characteristics
One double bond between carbons, kinked structure, liquid
What is a polyunsaturated fat, characteristics
Many double bonds between carbons, kinked structure, liquid
What are phospholipids?
Molecules with a polar head containing phosphate and two nonpolar fatty acid tails
· What are steroids, explain with examples?
Lipids with a rigid backbone of four carbon rings and no fatty acid tails. Component of eukaryotic cell membranes. Remodeled into bile salts, vitamin D and steroid hormones.
· Define proteins.
Chain of monomers called amino acids, control all activities of life.
· What are the four levels of protein structure?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
· How is a peptide bond formed?
By dehydration synthesis (covalent, links each amino acid to its neighbor)
· What are the components of a nucleotide?
Phosphate group, 5 C sugar, nitrogenous base
· What are the 2 kinds of nucleic acids?
DNA, RNA
· What are the four bases that are found in the nucleotides?
Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine (and uracil in RNA)
What type of bonds do carbohydrates form?
glycosidic
What type of bonds do proteins form?
peptide
What type of bonds do triglycerides form?
Ester
What type of bonds do nucleic acids form?
Phosphodiester
Where are phospholipids found?
Found in lipid bilayers of cell walls.
what is a triglyceride?
Three long hydrocarbon chains (fatty acids) bonded to glycerol
Simple sugar
Monosaccharide and disaccharide. Quick energy
Complex carb
Polymers of monosaccharides. Support, store energy
protein
Polymers of amino acids. Carry out nearly all the work of a cell
Nucleic acids
Polymers of nucleotides. Store and use genetic information
phospholipid
Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group. Form major part of biological membranes
Sterol
4 fused rings, mostly C and H. Stabilize membranes, sex hormones
