160-1 Flashcards
1) List the levels of Life’s organization and define each entity in the life’s organization. (12)
Atom, Molecule, Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere
Define Atom
The smallest chemical unit of a type of pure element.
Define Molecule
A group of joined atoms
Define Organelle
A membrane-bound structure that has a specific function within a cell
Define Cell
Fundamental unit of life
Define Tissue
specialized cells functioning in a coordinated fashion
Define Organ
tissues organized to interact and carry out specific functions
Define Organ System
Organs connected physically or chemically that function together
Define Organism
Single living individual
Define Population
Group of the same species of organism living in the same place at the same time
Define Community
All populations that occupy the same region
Define Ecosystem
The living and nonliving compoments of an area
Define Biosphere
The global ecosystem; the parts of the planet and its atmosphere where life is possible
2) What is emergent property?
A characteristic of a system that does not appear in any of its component parts
3) List the properties of life. 5
energy use, evolution Organization maintenance of internal constancy, reproduction growth and development,
Life property - organization
Consists of parts organized in a heirarchical pattern
Life property - energy use
organisms aquire and use energy and nutrients to build new structures, repair old ones and reproduce
Life property - maintenance of internal constancy
ability to sense and react to stimuli
Life property - reproduction, growth and development
make other individual similar to self
Life property - evolution
adapt to environment
4) Describe the flow of energy and cycling of materials through and ecosystem.
Producers make their own food by extracting energy and nutrients from non-living sources. Consumers obtain energy and nutrients by eating other organisms. Decomposers obtain energy and nutrients from wastes or dead organisms and recycle nutrients to the
Define Energy
Ability to do work
Define Nutrient
any substance that an organism uses for metabolism, growth, maintenance, and repair of tissues
Define Producer
(autotroph) organism that produces organic molecules by aquiring carbon from inorganic sources
Define Consumer
(heterotrogh) organism that obtains carbon and energy by eating another organism
Define Receptors
Molecule or cellular structure that responds to a specific form of stimulation
Define Homeostasis
the ability of an organism to maintain a stable environment despite changes in the external environment
Define DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid) genetic material consisting of a double helix of nucleotides
Define Traits
Genetically determined characteristic
Define Inheritance
collective genetic characters transmitted from parent to offspring
Define Reproduction
Producing individuals similar to self, DNA is passed along
Define Development
the process of growth and differentiation by which the potentialities of a zygote, spore, or embryo are realized
6) List the 2 parts of the scientific name and define them.
Genus species - Genus groups species that share unique features, Species is distinct type of organism that share one or more heritable traits and can interbreed
7) How are organisms categorized based on the presence of absence of a nucleus?
Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic
8) List the 3 domains of life and define them.
Archaea/Bacteria/Eukarya Bacteria - lack nuclei, mostly unicellular Archaea - lack nuclei, mostly unicellular Eukarya - contain nuclei, uni or multicellular
9) Name the 4 sub classes of the domain Eukarya?
Protista, Ainimalia, Fungi, Plantae
10) List and define the steps involved in scientific method.
- Observation and questions 2. Hypothesis and Prediction 3. Data Collection (from experiment or discovery) 4. Analysis and peer review
Define scientific theory
Long-standing hypothesis that is used to many useful predictions
Define Experiment
Test of a hypothesis under controlled conditions
Define Independent Variable
What is manipulated. Hypothesized influence on a dependent variable
Define Dependent Variable
What is measured. Response that may be under the influence of an independent variable
Define Standardized variable
Anything that is held constant for all subjects in an experiment
Define Experimental Group
a group of subjects who are exposed to the variable under study
Define Control Group
group in an experiment or study that does not receive treatment
12) When does hypothesis become a scientific theory? 3
Hypothesis stands after years of tests, consistent with all data gathered, helped us make useful predictions about other phenomena
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
DNA (transcription) RNA (translation) Protein
What is RNA?
(ribonucleic acid) Nucleic acid typically consisting of a single strand of nucleotides. Intermediary between DNA and a polypeptide chain
