Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immunology > 6 - Induced Innate Immunity > Flashcards

6 - Induced Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What type of cell are Natural Killer (NK) cells?

A

innate lymphoid cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 5 genes expressed due to PRR signaling

A

chemokines (CXCL2) | cytokines | antimicrobial peptides | Type I interferons (IFNa IFNb) | enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 2 key enzymes produced due to PRR signaling?

A

iNOS and COX2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the role of IFNa (alpha) and IFNb (beta)?

A

binds to IFNa receptor (IFNAR) &raquo_space;> turns on expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an example of an IS gene?

A

PKR (protein kinase R)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 3 major pro-inflammatory cytokines?

A

IL-1b (or IL-1) | TNFa | IL-6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 4 functions of the 3 major pro-inflammatory cytokines?

A

increase vascular permeability | induce fever | recruit/activate other leukocytes | induce hematopoiesis = increase neutrophil/myeloid cell production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why would the pro-inflammatory cytokines want to increase the vascular permeability of the blood vessels?

A

get more immune cells into circulation &raquo_space;> travel through the vessels &raquo_space;> get to site of infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which chemokine will be produced due to PRR signaling?

A

CXCL2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the purpose of CXCL2?

A

(IL-8) chemoattractant for neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is iNOS? What is its purpose?

A

produces toxic nitric oxide (NO) when activated | causes O2 buildup = targets pathogen to lyse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is COX2? What is its purpose?

A

converts lipids to prostaglandins | prostaglandins = inflammatory mediator = more inflammation and fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What drug targets COX2?

A

pain killers like acetaminophen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What kind of process is phagocytosis and why?

A

actin-mediated | needs actin polymerization to occur = pushes membrane forward = moves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a phagolysosome? What is its function?

A

when a phagosome fuses with a lysosome | degrades whatever is in phagosome via lysozome enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What reactive molecule species will aid in degradation and destruction?

A

reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS) and (RNS)

17
Q

What are the 4 receptors for phagocytosis?

A

PRRs | Complement receptors | Opsonins | Fc receptors

18
Q

What are opsonins?

A

any kind of protein that will bind on the surface of something (like a pathogen) = basically marks it

19
Q

What is the complement receptor for macrophages?

A

CR3

20
Q

What are the 3 pathways of apoptosis?

A

apoptosis | neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) | pyropotosis

21
Q

What are the 3 ways is apoptosis induced?

A

TNF binds to TNF-receptor | NK cells | cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs)

22
Q

How does Neutrophilic Extracellular Traps (NETs) work and relate to apoptosis?

A

neutrophils phagocytose pathogen = traps them in &raquo_space;> generate NADPH or ROS to induce apoptosis on pathogen and itself

23
Q

How is pyroptosis induced?

A

inflammasome activation &raquo_space;> eliminates infected macrophages = releases IL-1b and IL-18

24
Q

Why is inflammation on site of infection good?

A

recruits leukocytes to site to kill off pathogens

25
Q

What are the 4 signs of inflammation in Greek and what do each of the terms mean?

A

dolor = pain | calor = hot temperature | rudor = redness due to increase in blood flow | tumor = swelling

26
Q

What induces inflammation?

A

the 3 key major inflammatory cytokines

27
Q

Are NK cells activated due to PRR signaling? Why or why not?

A

No because ILCs lack PRRs = not activated by pathogens

28
Q

How are NK cells activated?

A

by cytokines or whatever is in the environment but NOT by pathogens

29
Q

How do NK cells know which cells to kill? What is significant about the molecule it detects?

A

kills cells that don’t express MHC class I on surface | MHC class I binds to NK inhibitory receptor = prevents NK killing that cell

30
Q

Which cells express MHC class I?

A

all nucleated cells

31
Q

How would an NK cell know if a cell is virally infected?

A

viruses target MHC class I expression &raquo_space;> host cell doesn’t express MHC class I &raquo_space;> NK cell inhibitory receptor can’t bind to MHC class I = kills that cell

32
Q

How do NK cells induce apoptosis on target cell?

A

perforins and granzymes

Immunology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions