2 - Immune Response Concepts Flashcards
What is the initial response by the immune system determined by? (2 key things)
pathogen | the environment in which we encounter the pathogen
What is “pathogen”?
organism that causes disease
What is “pathogenesis”?
process where pathogen induces illness in host
What is our immune response tailored to?
specific pathogen
What are the 2 general types of recognition receptors in our immune system?
germ-line encoded | randomly generated
What are 2 characteristics of germ-line encoded recignition receptors? What is an example of one (the main one)?
inherited | not specific but detects if pathogen is present | ex: PRRs
What are PRRs?
pathogen recognition receptors
What do PRRs recognize?
PAMPs = pathogen associated molecular patterns
Which cells have PRRs?
all cells
What are randomly generated recognition receptors?
B and T cells | not identical to parents | tailored to specificity of pathogens (ie: HIV not just any virus)
What are 3 short term effects of signaling cascades?
movement | metabolic changes | changes in activity of proteins
What is a long term effect of signaling cascades?
turn on/off genes
What is humoral immunity?
combats pathogens via antibodies = B-cell mediated and has B-cell receptor
What is cell-mediated immunity?
involves primary T-lymphocytes (T-cells)
What do B-cells secrete once an antigen binds onto it?
same antibody that is found on its surface (cytosolic antibody)
How can one get passive immunity?
through the transfer of antibodies from someone who has produced the antibody against the pathogen
How do B-cells act on pathogens?
use of antibodies
What are T-cells?
directly acts on pathogen via killing or signals other cells
What do T-cell receptors bind to?
specific peptides present on MHC molecules
What is clonal selection?
when T/B cell interacts with its specific antigen = it is selected = activated »_space;> leads to proliferation = producing a lot of clones of itself
What is tolerance?
the ability of the immune system to turn immune response off or stop itself from reacting
How does the immune system prevent B/T cells from recognizing and targeting self-protein which may lead to an autoimmune disease?
T/B cells that recognize self-protein get eliminated before exiting the primary lymphoid organ AND tolerance ability of immune system
Where do T/B cells begin to recognize self-proteins?
in our primary lymphoid organs
When would an immune system disorder happen?
When one of the control aspects (such as tolerance) of the immune system is lost or dysfunctioning
What does anti-self mean?
when the T/B cell receptors recognize your proteins as foreign
What are 3 characteristics of innate immunity?
fast, nonspecific | uses germ-line encoded recognition molecules | includes phagocytic cells
What does innate immunity recognize?
PAMPs
What are the 3 characteristics of adaptive immunity?
slower to develop | uses randomly generated antigen receptors | highly specific to individual antigen molecules
Which system (innate or adaptive immunity) are the humoral and cell-mediated responses part of?
adaptive
What activates the adaptive immunity responses?
innate immune response (PRRs and PAMPs)
What do swollen lymph nodes indicate?
it is actively undergoing an immune response = body is fighting something off
What do phagocytic cells in innate immunity?
eliminate and move pathogens to where immune cells will recognize it
What is immunologic memory?
the ability of immune system to respond quicker and more efficiently to a second exposure of the same pathogen
Which system (innate or adaptive immunity) is immunologic memory ONLY part of?
adaptive (memory T and B cells)
What is primary response? What does it result in?
initiated upon first exposure to an anitgen | results in memory lymphocytes
What is secondary response?
initiated upon second exposure to the same antigen that stimulates memory lymphocytes
What are some vaccinations based off of?
memory lymphocytes
