2 - Immune Response Concepts

Question 1

What is the initial response by the immune system determined by? (2 key things)

Answer 1

pathogen | the environment in which we encounter the pathogen

Question 2

What is “pathogen”?

Answer 2

organism that causes disease

Question 3

What is “pathogenesis”?

Answer 3

process where pathogen induces illness in host

Question 4

What is our immune response tailored to?

Answer 4

specific pathogen

Question 5

What are the 2 general types of recognition receptors in our immune system?

Answer 5

germ-line encoded | randomly generated

Question 6

What are 2 characteristics of germ-line encoded recignition receptors? What is an example of one (the main one)?

Answer 6

inherited | not specific but detects if pathogen is present | ex: PRRs

Question 7

What are PRRs?

Answer 7

pathogen recognition receptors

Question 8

What do PRRs recognize?

Answer 8

PAMPs = pathogen associated molecular patterns

Question 9

Which cells have PRRs?

Answer 9

all cells

Question 10

What are randomly generated recognition receptors?

Answer 10

B and T cells | not identical to parents | tailored to specificity of pathogens (ie: HIV not just any virus)

Question 11

What are 3 short term effects of signaling cascades?

Answer 11

movement | metabolic changes | changes in activity of proteins

Question 12

What is a long term effect of signaling cascades?

Answer 12

turn on/off genes

Question 13

What is humoral immunity?

Answer 13

combats pathogens via antibodies = B-cell mediated and has B-cell receptor

Question 14

What is cell-mediated immunity?

Answer 14

involves primary T-lymphocytes (T-cells)

Question 15

What do B-cells secrete once an antigen binds onto it?

Answer 15

same antibody that is found on its surface (cytosolic antibody)

Question 16

How can one get passive immunity?

Answer 16

through the transfer of antibodies from someone who has produced the antibody against the pathogen

Question 17

How do B-cells act on pathogens?

Answer 17

use of antibodies

Question 18

What are T-cells?

Answer 18

directly acts on pathogen via killing or signals other cells

Question 19

What do T-cell receptors bind to?

Answer 19

specific peptides present on MHC molecules

Question 20

What is clonal selection?

Answer 20

when T/B cell interacts with its specific antigen = it is selected = activated &raquo_space;> leads to proliferation = producing a lot of clones of itself

Question 21

What is tolerance?

Answer 21

the ability of the immune system to turn immune response off or stop itself from reacting

Question 22

How does the immune system prevent B/T cells from recognizing and targeting self-protein which may lead to an autoimmune disease?

Answer 22

T/B cells that recognize self-protein get eliminated before exiting the primary lymphoid organ AND tolerance ability of immune system

Question 23

Where do T/B cells begin to recognize self-proteins?

Answer 23

in our primary lymphoid organs

Question 24

When would an immune system disorder happen?

Answer 24

When one of the control aspects (such as tolerance) of the immune system is lost or dysfunctioning

Question 25

What does anti-self mean?

Answer 25

when the T/B cell receptors recognize your proteins as foreign

Question 26

What are 3 characteristics of innate immunity?

Answer 26

fast, nonspecific | uses germ-line encoded recognition molecules | includes phagocytic cells

Question 27

What does innate immunity recognize?

Answer 27

PAMPs

Question 28

What are the 3 characteristics of adaptive immunity?

Answer 28

slower to develop | uses randomly generated antigen receptors | highly specific to individual antigen molecules

Question 29

Which system (innate or adaptive immunity) are the humoral and cell-mediated responses part of?

Answer 29

adaptive

Question 30

What activates the adaptive immunity responses?

Answer 30

innate immune response (PRRs and PAMPs)

Question 31

What do swollen lymph nodes indicate?

Answer 31

it is actively undergoing an immune response = body is fighting something off

Question 32

What do phagocytic cells in innate immunity?

Answer 32

eliminate and move pathogens to where immune cells will recognize it

Question 33

What is immunologic memory?

Answer 33

the ability of immune system to respond quicker and more efficiently to a second exposure of the same pathogen

Question 34

Which system (innate or adaptive immunity) is immunologic memory ONLY part of?

Answer 34

adaptive (memory T and B cells)

Question 35

What is primary response? What does it result in?

Answer 35

initiated upon first exposure to an anitgen | results in memory lymphocytes

Question 36

What is secondary response?

Answer 36

initiated upon second exposure to the same antigen that stimulates memory lymphocytes

Question 37

What are some vaccinations based off of?

Answer 37

memory lymphocytes