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Immunology > 15 - Tolerance and Autoimmunity > Flashcards

15 - Tolerance and Autoimmunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is autoimmunity due to?

A

disruption in or failure of the host’s immune systems to protect self-structures = immune system attacks self

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2
Q

What is central tolerance and where does it occur?

A

deletion of lymphocytes before they mature | in primary lymphoid tissue, BM or thymus

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3
Q

What is peripheral tolerance and where does it occur?

A

makes self-reactive lymphocytes nonresponsive or induces lymphocytes that will suppress the immune system | anywhere

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4
Q

What are the 3 ways in which the immune system protects self?

A

antigen sequestration | central tolerance | peripheral tolerance

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5
Q

What is antigen sequestration and what are the 3 tissues that do this?

A

protects tissue-specific antigens from exposure to the immune system | eyes, brain, testes

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6
Q

The brain has the blood brain barrier that consists of 2 barriers, how far can T-cells come through this barrier?

A

only passes the first barrier | T-cells migrate to the brain to monitor it

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7
Q

What is contralateral inflammation?

A

when one eye gets infected = causes the immune system to react with the other eye

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8
Q

What are the 2 ways in which Tregs induce peripheral tolerance?

A

suppress immune response = CTLA-4 binding to CD86 | produce cytokines

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9
Q

In peripheral tolerance, what happens when CTLA-4on Treg cells bind to CD86 on APCs?

A

suppresses the activation of the self-reacting lymphocyte

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10
Q

In peripheral tolerance, what are the 3 cytokines that Treg cells produce to suppress the immune system?

A

IL-10 | TGFb | IL-35

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11
Q

What are the other cells (other than Tregs) that aid in establishing peripheral tolerance?

A

regulatory CD8+ T-cells | regulatory B-cells

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12
Q

What is type I diabetes due to?

A

autoimmune attack against insulin-producing beta cells in pancreas

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13
Q

What is the mechanism of disease in type I diabetes?

A

CTLs infiltrate pancreas = activate macrophages = cytokine release and auto-antibodies made = complement activation or ADCC = no insulin produced

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14
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction occurs in diabetes mellitus?

A

Type IV = DTH

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15
Q

What is the treatment for Type I Diabetes Mellitus?

A

insulin

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16
Q

Which type of diabetes is genetic and which is acquired?

A

genetic = type I | acquired = type II

17
Q

What is Myasthenia Gravis?

A

progressive weakening of skeletal muscles

18
Q

What is the mechanism of disease of Myasthenia Gravis?

A

auto-antibodies attaching ACh receptor on motor end plates of muscle = ACh can’t bind PLUS induce complement-mediated lysis

19
Q

What are the 3 kinds of possible treatments for Myasthenia Gravis?

A

increasing ACh levels | decrease Ab production | remove Abs

20
Q

What is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

A

a systemic autoimmune disease affecting whole body

21
Q

In who does SLE commonly occur in?

A

African and hispanic women btwn 20-40 y/o

22
Q

What is the mechanism of disease of SLE?

A

auto-antibodies attack self-structures such as DNA and histones

23
Q

What are the symptoms of SLE dependent on?

A

what the auto-antibodies are reacting against

24
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction occurs in SLE and why?

A

type III = due to formation of immune complexes against self-peptides

25
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A

autoimmune neurological disability

26
Q

What is the mechanism of disease causing multiple sclerosis?

A

auto-reactive Th1 cells attack myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord

27
Q

What are the theoretical causes of multiple sclerosis?

A

genetics can increase risk | EBV virus

28
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

systemic autoimmune disease = immune complexes accumulating on the joints = chronic joint inflammation

29
Q

What is the mechanism of disease causing rheumatoid arthritis?

A

auto-antibodies attacking Fc region of IgG = immune complex activating complement

30
Q

What are 2 methods of treatment for rheumatoid arthritis?

A

anti-inflammatory drugs | corticosteroids

31
Q

What are the 2 genes in which if mutated can lead to systemic autoimmunity?

A

FoxP3 (no Th differentiate into Treg) | AIRE gene

32
Q

What are the 3 genetic factors that can increase one’s susceptibility to autoimmunity?

A

MHC genes linked to certain autoimmune disorders | mutations in FoxP3 and AIRE | cytokine genes of IL-12, IL-17, IL-23 (Th17)

33
Q

What are 2 environmental factors that can increase one’s susceptibility to autoimmunity?

A

diet | geographic area living in

34
Q

How can molecular mimicry induce autoimmunity?

A

molecules on a pathogen that your system is fighting off may be similar to a molecule found on self-proteins

Immunology (15 decks)

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