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Immunology > 4 - Recognition and Response > Flashcards

4 - Recognition and Response Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 reasons why immune cells need to interact with each other?

A

eliminate pathogen | activate other immune cells

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2
Q

What is signal transduction?

A

binding interaction of receptor and cognate ligand &raquo_space;> intracellular molecular pathway &raquo_space;> cellular response

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3
Q

What kind of bond do receptors must have with their ligands and why? (non-covalent or covalent)

A

non-covalent; if covalent = eliminates receptors since it cannot be used as there is no available binding site

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4
Q

What is affinity?

A

strength of an individual bond (one interaction)

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5
Q

What is avidity?

A

the combined strength of ligand-receptor binding of multiple interactions

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6
Q

What is the relationship between avidity and affinity?

A

an interaction may have a weak affinity but all together = high overall avidity

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7
Q

What are the 4 molecular changes in the receptor induced by ligand-receptor binding?

A

conformational change | dimerization/clustering | change location on membrane | covalent modification (phosphorylation)

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8
Q

What is the area called when receptors change their location on the membrane due to ligand-receptor binding?

A

lipid rafts

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9
Q

What molecule is commonly associated with lipid rafts?

A

cholesterol

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10
Q

What are the 3 forms that immune receptors can take shape?

A

cytosolic (not most common) | secreted | membrane-bound

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11
Q

What are the 3 common features of the immune receptor-ligand interactions?

A

have immunoglobulin domains | transmembrane, cytosolic, or secreted | no carboxyl terminus on secreted form

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12
Q

When would a protein lose its carboxyl terminus?

A

post-transcription due to splicing

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13
Q

What are 2 characteristics of immunoglobulin domains?

A

contains sticky amino acids = stick to things non-covalently | spacing = due to disulfide bonds

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14
Q

What cells have chemokine receptors? What do these receptors recognize?

A

all cells | chemokines

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15
Q

What cells have cytokine receptors? What do these receptors recognize?

A

all cells | cytokines

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16
Q

What kind of receptors are chemokine receptors?

A

G-protein coupled receptors

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17
Q

What are the 2 tasks that the rapid innate immune response allows PRRs to carry?

A

eliminate pathogen via phagocytosis/cytotoxicity | initiate adaptive immune response via cytokine/chemokine secretion

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18
Q

What molecules do PRRs recognize?

A

PAMPs

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19
Q

What are PAMPs? (not what it stands for)

A

motifs of recurring patterns on bacteria, yeast, and parasites

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20
Q

What are the 2 forms can PRRs take the shape of?

A

integral membrane proteins | intracellular proteins (not secreted)

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21
Q

What is antigen specificity of antibodies dictated by?

A

interaction between the light/heavy chain variable regions

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22
Q

What is the function of the constant heavy regions of the antibody?

A

antibody effector activity such as phagocytosis

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23
Q

Which region of the antibody binds to the Fc receptor?

A

constant region

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24
Q

What is the antigen binding site on the antibody called?

A

Fab

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25
Q

Which receptor has a higher avidity, TCRs or BCRs? Why?

A

BCRs because TCRs only bind to one MHC molecule

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26
Q

Which region on the antibody can change isotypes? How many isotypes are there? What are those isotypes?

A

constant region | 5 isotypes = G, A, M, E, D (GAMED)

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27
Q

Why must BCRs form a B-cell receptor complex with other molecules on the membrane that are involved with signal transduction?

A

BCRs do not have a cytoplasmic region

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28
Q

Where can peptide sources for T-cell initiation be from?

A

both from exogenous (foreign) or endogenous (within us) processed antigens

29
Q

What BCRs complex with to induce an intracellular signal?

A

ITAMs

30
Q

What are ITAMs? What are they composed of?

A

immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motif (ITAM) that gets phosphorylated during activation | Ig-alpha and Ig-beta

31
Q

What is the function of Ig-alpha and Ig-beta for the ITAM?

A

enzymes that dimerize and phosphorylate each other = kinases

32
Q

What is similar about T-cells and B-cells in terms of their receptors?

A

T-cell receptors also have a constant and variable region

33
Q

Which region on the T-cell receptor binds to the MHC molecules?

A

variabe

34
Q

What is the common type of T-cell? (alpha/beta or gamma/delta)

A

alpha/beta

35
Q

What is CD3 and what does it recognize?

A

gene cluster, cytosolic in T-cell | recognizes T-cell receptor

36
Q

What is the function of CD4 and CD8?

A

stabilize interaction to occur for a longer period of time until T-cell fully becomes activated

37
Q

When is the only time that MHC molecules are expressed? Are they always expressed?

A

not always expressed — expressed/present on surface ONLY if there is a peptide bound to it

38
Q

What are cytokines?

A

proteins that communicate among other immune cells

39
Q

What is a cytokine signal?

A

any event that induces a cell to change metabolically or its proliferative state | cytokine signaling = change in transcriptional program of target cell

40
Q

What are the 3 types of extracellular signaling?

A

paracrine | endocrine | autocrine

41
Q

What is paracrine signaling?

A

affects cells nearby

42
Q

What is endocrine signaling?

A

affects cells far away - travel via circulation

43
Q

What is autocrine signaling?

A

cell affects itself

44
Q

What are the 5 properties of chemokines and cytokines?

A

pleiotropic | redundant | synergy | antagonistic | cascade

45
Q

What is the pleiotropic property of chemokines and cytokines?

A

a chemokine/cytokine can affect different cells and make it carry out different functions

46
Q

What is the redundant property of chemokines and cytokines?

A

a chemokine/cytokine has the same effect on a target cell that other chemokines/cytokines also have

47
Q

What is the synergy property of chemokines and cytokines?

A

a group of more than one chemokine/cytokine unite to carry out a function on one target cell together

48
Q

What is the antagonistic property of chemokines and cytokines?

A

a chemokine/cytokine inhibits the activity of another chemokine/cytokine

49
Q

What is the cascade property of chemokines and cytokines?

A

a chemokine/cytokine is involved with the production of more chemokine/cytokines

50
Q

What kind of cytokine is interleukin-1 (IL-1)? What produces it?

A

innate-immune cytokine = pro-inflammatory (causes inflammation = fever) | macrophages and dendritic cells produce IL-1

51
Q

What receptor must be activated to induce production of IL-1? What is it stimulated by?

A

PRRs | all pathogens

52
Q

What are the 5 families of cytokines?

A

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) | Interleukin-17 (IL-17) | Class I | Interferons (IFN - classes 1 and 2) | Tumor-Necrosis Factor (TNF)

53
Q

Which cytokines are antiviral? Which family and class do they belong to?

A

IFN-alpha | IFN-beta = Type I interferons

54
Q

What secretes Type I interferons?

A

activated macrophages and dendritic cells

55
Q

What is the function of Type I interferons?

A

induce ribonucleases synthesis | inhibit protein synthesis

56
Q

What secretes/produces Type II interferons?

A

activated natural killer cells and T-cells

57
Q

What is the function of Type II interferons?

A

activates macrophages to make them more phagocytotic and a better APC

58
Q

What are the Tumor-Necrosis Factors (TNF) cytokines?

A

regulates development, effector function (ie: apoptosis), and homeostasis of cells of the skeletal, neuronal, and immune system

59
Q

What 2 forms can TNF cytokines take the shape of?

A

soluble (secreted) or membrane bound

60
Q

What is TNF-alpha?

A

pro-inflammatory role | commonly seen with IL-1 and IL-6

61
Q

What is TNF-alpha produced from?

A

macrophages and other cell types

62
Q

What is IL-17 cytokine?

A

pro-inflammatory cytokine more involved with mucosal tissues | transmembrane protein

63
Q

Are most cytokines secreted, cytosolic or membrane-bound?

A

secreted - unless stated otherwise

64
Q

What is the effect of chemokines on leukocytes?

A

directs lymphocytes to move towards chemokine signal/source via chemotactic proteins

65
Q

What are chemokines?

A

chemotactic proteins

66
Q

What signaling pathway do TCRs, BCRs, and PRRs undergo?

A

tyrosine phosphorylation

67
Q

What signaling pathway do chemokines undergo?

A

Ras/MAP kinase cascade - G-coupled chemokine receptor = activates transcription

68
Q

What signaling pathway do cytokines undergo?

A

JAK/STAT pathway = induces dimerization of receptor = activates gene expression

69
Q

What are the 5 things that antigen signaling includes?

A

bringing dendrites to site | macrophages and neutrophils = increase phagolysosome activity and cytokine production | cytoplasmic proteosomes break down antigen = peptides | dendritic cells exhibit peptide on MHC | dendrites induced to make cytokines and chemokines

Immunology (15 decks)

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