16 - Immune Response to Infectious Disease Flashcards
What determines the immune system response to a pathogen?
nature of pathogen (type) | entry site and location of the pathogen
Which antibody is not important for controlling infections at either barrier or mucosal sites?
IgG
What is the Fc receptor that will be used to get IgA across mucosal surfaces?
Poly IgR
What is the primary function of IFNg?
activate macrophages
How does Hepatitis C virus evade the immune system?
blocks and inhibits PKR
How does HSV virus evade the immune system?
inhibit TAP activity = no MHC I expression
How does Measles virus evade the immune system?
inhibit MHC II expression
How does HIV evade the immune system (3 ways)?
inhibit MHC II expression | immunosuppression | change surface antigen
How does EBV virus evade the immune system?
immunosuppression
How does influenza virus evade the immune system?
change surface antigen
What cells does malaria primarily infect?
RBCs
Why is it difficult to develop an immune response to malaria?
antigen shift constantly whenever it matures = constantly changing and outer coat shedding | drug resistance
What kind of pathogen (intracellular or extracellular) is malaria?
intracellular
What cells does the African Sleeping Sickness parasite infect?
CNS
What is the vector for the African Sleeping Sickness parasite and what is the species of these parasites?
tsetse flies | trypanosome
What kind of pathogen (intracellular or extracellular) is the African Sleeping Sickness parasite?
intracellular
Why is it difficult to develop an immune response to the African Sleeping Sickness parasite?
surface glycoproteins constantly interchange
What is the vector for the Leishmaniasis parasite and what is the species of these parasites?
sandflies
What kind of pathogen (intracellular or extracellular) is Leishmaniasis?
intracellular
What cells does the Leishmaniasis parasite infect?
macrophage phagosomes
Which is more effective at resolving a Leishmaniasis infection, Th1 or Th2 responses?
Th1 and IFNg = gain resistance against parasite | Th2 doesn’t
What kind of pathogen (intracellular or extracellular) are helminths?
extracellular
Where do metazoan parasites commonly enter the host through?
intestinal tracts
What are the 2 types of parasites?
protozoan = unicellular | metazoan = helminths/worms
How do helminths limit immune engagement?
wrap selves in host proteins | decrease external antigen expression
What are the common immune responses against helminths? (cells, antibodies, cytokines)
Th2 cells, eosinophils | IgE | IL-4
What are the 3 criteria that fungal diseases are classified based on?
site of infection | route of acquisition | level of virulence
Our immune system and normal flora usually keep these fungal infections at bay, but what does it indicate when the fungal infection begins producing symptoms?
reduced immunity
What are the 4 reasons that may be responsible for r4e-emerging diseases?
combination of diseases | improper antibiotic use | zoonotic pathogens | lack in vaccinations
What are the 2 components that are needed when developing a vaccine?
basic reasearch | rational design
What does “basic research” refer to in vaccine development?
study the pathogen = its target | what is inducing the immune response against it | the immune response to the pathogen
What are the 2 types of vaccines?
passive and active
What is passive immunization?
giving antibody | temporary protection
How can passive vaccines induce type I hypersensitivity?
can induce allergies against the antibodies in the vaccine
How can passive vaccines induce type III hypersensitivity?
formation of immune complexes due to giving a lot of antibodies
What is active immunization?
induces immunity and memory | need booster shots
What is the nature of active vaccines?
giving an inactive or a part of a pathogen to induce memory response
What are the 3 requirements that must be included with every vaccine strategy?
safety | effective at preventing infection | achievable delivery
