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Immunology > 3 - Cells and Organs of The Immune System > Flashcards

3 - Cells and Organs of The Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Where do all immune cells come from? (what cells?)

A

hematopoietic stem cells (HSC)

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2
Q

Which organ do hematopoietic stem cells come from?

A

bone marrow

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3
Q

What does the term “leukocytes” mean?

A

differentiated cells from HSC that contain a nucleus

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4
Q

When do red blood cells (RBCs) lose their nucleus?

A

when they leave the bone marrow and develop

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5
Q

What is the difference in cases when adults have nucleated RBCs in their blood as opposed to when infants do?

A

in adults = abnormal = indicates something is wrong | in infants = normal

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6
Q

What are megakaryocytes?

A

platelets

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7
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

immune cells with granules present

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8
Q

What are the 3 granulocytes?

A

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

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9
Q

What are neutrophils also called?

A

poly-morpho nuclei (PMN)

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10
Q

What cells have multi-lobed nuclei and what does “multi-lobed nuclei” mean?

A

granulocytes | nucleus is not just one lobe, it has more than 1 (ex: bi-lobe)

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11
Q

What is a high neutrophil count in the circulation indicate?

A

indicates bacterial infection

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12
Q

What are the 2 major types of progenitor cells?

A

common myeloid progenitor (CMP) and common lymphoid progenitor (CLP)

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13
Q

Which progenitor cell gives rise to dendritic cells?

A

both CMP and CLP`

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14
Q

Out of all of the blood cells, which cells last for days to years? (long time)

A

lymphocytes

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15
Q

Which white blood cells last for the shortest time?

A

neutrophils (6-48 hours)

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16
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

leave circulation &raquo_space;> go to infected tissue &raquo_space;> blow themselves up to cause direct harm to pathogen

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17
Q

What do basophils indicate? What do they stain with?

A

allergic infection and inflammation | basic dye

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18
Q

What do eosinophils indicate? What do they stain with?

A

commonly allergic reactions | also viral and parasitic infections | acidic dye = red granules

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19
Q

What is the purpose of granules?

A

contains toxic proteins that kills off pathogens once the pathogens come into contact with the toxic proteins

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20
Q

What do histamines do and induce?

A

vasodilation to get more blood cells into circulation to help fight off infection | induce inflammatory proteins

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21
Q

What does pus formation indicate?

A

dead neutrophils in tissue

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22
Q

What are mast cells?

A

basophils in tissue

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23
Q

What occurs when mast cells degranulate?

A

secretes all of the proteins stuck in them

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24
Q

Are all granulocytes phagocytic?

A

yes

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25
Q

What is the function of elastin and collagenase?

A

tissue remodeling

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26
Q

What are 2 characteristics of monocytes?

A

larger than lymphocytes and granulocytes | big un-lobed round nucleus

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27
Q

What are monocytes in the tissue called?

A

macrophages

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28
Q

What are 2 things that monocytes can become?

A

macrophages and dendritic cells

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29
Q

What are the 3 functions of macrophages?

A

help with tissue remodeling | clean up dead neutrophils | help destroy pathogens

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30
Q

What are 4 characteristics of macrophages?

A

different sizes | lot of pseudopodia | large nucleus and stays in tissue

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31
Q

What connects the innate and adaptive immune response systems?

A

dendritic cells as well as other PCs

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32
Q

What do dendritic cells act as?

A

phagocytes

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33
Q

How do dendritic cells help activate T-cells?

A

eat pathogen &raquo_space;> process it &raquo_space;> present part of it on its surface

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34
Q

Where do dendritic cells stay?

A

in tissue

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35
Q

What are antigen presenting cells (APCs)?

A

present pathogen peptides to T-cells

36
Q

What are the 3 APCs and which one is most potent for activating naiive T-cells?

A

Dendritic cells (most potent in activating naiive T-cells) | macrophages | B-cells

37
Q

What does MHC stand for?

A

major histocompatibility complex

38
Q

When do dendritic cells mature?

A

when they have eaten a pathogen

39
Q

What will dendritic cells do once they mature?

A

migrate out of the tissues into the lymphatic system to the lymph node where it will come into contact with T-cells

40
Q

What are the 3 major activities of APCs when they encounter pathogens?

A

secrete proteins = attract and activate other immune cells | eat pathogens, digest into peptides, present on their MHC class II molecules | express costimulatory molecules to activate T-cells

41
Q

What are the proteins that APCs produce?

A

cytokines and chemokines

42
Q

Which cells ONLY present MHC class II molecules?

A

APCs

43
Q

What are CD markers?

A

clusters of differentiation

44
Q

What are 2 characteristics of lymphocytes?

A

smooth nucleus, little cytoplasm (looks similar to monocytes)

45
Q

How will one be able to differentiate between B and T lymphocytes and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)?

A

via Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)

46
Q

What are the functions of cytokines?

A

activates, modulates, regulates other immune cells

47
Q

What is the function of chemokines? How do they carry out their function?

A

recruiting other immune cells via chemotactic proteins

48
Q

What do T-cells express?

A

CD4 and CD8

49
Q

What are T-helper (Th) cells?

A

helps immune response by activating or stimulating other immune cells such as B-cells

50
Q

What are T-cytotoxic (Tc) cells?

A

induces lysis

51
Q

Which T-cell expresses CD4?

A

T-helper cells

52
Q

Which T-cell expresses CD8?

A

T-cytotoxic cells

53
Q

Where do T-cells mature? (what organ)

A

thymus

54
Q

What does a cell expressing a CD3 marker on its surface indicate? What does it induce?

A

identifies that it is a positive (it expresses it) T-cell receptor | causes signal transduction to occur

55
Q

Where do B-cells mature?

A

bone marrow

56
Q

What is the receptor of B-cells?

A

immunoglobulins (antibodies)

57
Q

What does “cognate” mean?

A

specific/respective

58
Q

How do lymphocytes become effector lymphocytes?

A

lymphocyte leaves BM (B-cell) or thymus (T-cell) &raquo_space;> contact with cognate antigen &raquo_space;> becomes actived as effector lymphocyte

59
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

effector B-cells with Golgi and ER expanded since the cell has become an antibody-producing machine once activated

60
Q

What are natural killer (NK) cells part of: CLP or CMP?

A

CLP

61
Q

What recognizes virally infected cells?

A

NK cells

62
Q

What do B-cell receptors detect?

A

soluble antigen

63
Q

What do T-cell receptors detect?

A

peptide on MHC molecules

64
Q

Which receptor on T-cells bind to the MHC molecules?

A

CD4 and CD8

65
Q

Which MHC class molecule associates with Th cells?

A

MHC class II

66
Q

Which MHC class molecule associates with Tc cells?

A

MHC class I

67
Q

Which cells do Th cells only interact with and why?

A

APCs since they are the cells that only express MHC class II molecules which is what Th cells recognize

68
Q

Which cells express MHC class I?

A

all leukocytes (not RBCs)

69
Q

What cell in the BM that create the microenvironment to help B-cells mature into what they need to be?

A

stromal cells

70
Q

When do T-cells become either Th or Tc?

A

when they mature in the thymus

71
Q

How do the receptors interact between a T-cell and APC?

A

CD4 or 8 binds to MHC | T-cell receptor then recognizes the peptide as a result of that binding

72
Q

What are the costimulatory receptors on T-cells?

A

CD markers such as CD4 and CD8

73
Q

What does the term “left shift” refer to?

A

immature neutrophils (PMNs)

74
Q

Are there more of left shift or PMNs in circulation?

A

left shift

75
Q

What does the term “band” refer to?

A

nucleus has not fully become lobed/multi-lobed = looks like a band

76
Q

What is thymocyte?

A

immature T-cell

77
Q

What aspect of the T-cell is checked in the thymus?

A

affinity of the T-cell receptor

78
Q

What are the 2 primary lymphoid organs?

A

bone marrow and thymus

79
Q

What are the 3 secondary lymphoid organs?

A

lymph nodes | spleen | mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

80
Q

What are the 4 things that secondary lymphoid organs have an effect on lymphocytes?

A

act as area where lymphocytes: encounter antigens | become activated | clonal expansion | differentiate into effector cells

81
Q

What is the function of the lymph node?

A

checks lymphatic system for antigens and pathogens

82
Q

What is the function of the germinal centers in the lymph nodes?

A

B-cell undergoes second maturation

83
Q

Can one survive without a spleen? If so, what/are there any consequences?

A

yes but will be immunocompromised

84
Q

Where are the APCs found in the spleen?

A

marginal zone

85
Q

Where are the T-cells found in the spleen?

A

PALS (near marginal zone)

86
Q

What are Peyer’s patches?

A

immune centers in the gut = GALT (part of MALT)

87
Q

What are 3 other MALTs?

A

gut (GALT) | nasal (NALT) | bronchial (BALT)

Immunology (15 decks)

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