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Anatomy 2LL3 > 6 - Hemostasis & Lymphatics > Flashcards

6 - Hemostasis & Lymphatics Flashcards

1
Q

Hemostasis
(definition + mechanisms)

A

responses that stop bleeding (prevent hemorrhage)
- vascular spasm (vasocontrict)
- platelet plug formation
- blood clotting

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2
Q

Thrombocyte production

A
  • pluripotent stem cell
  • myeloid stem cell (same as RBC to here)
  • megakaryoblast
  • megakaryocyte
  • platelets (no nucleus)

Platelet production

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3
Q

Platelet functions

A
  • form a platelet plug
  • release chemicals that promote:
    • blood clotting
    • vascular spasm
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4
Q

Platelet plug formation

A
  • platelet adhesion (to damaged endothelium)
  • release reaction (ADP & TXA2 & serotonin)
  • platelet aggregation (plug formed)

thromboxane A2

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5
Q

Blood clotting
(other name, basic steps)

A

coagulation cascade
- clot formed (contains platelet, fibrin + RBCs)
- called thrombus when at site of origin
- called thromboembolus when travelling in blood

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6
Q

Feedback loop of blood clotting

A

positive feedback loop
stimulus: broken vessel stimulates platelets
detectors, control center, effectors & stimulus: platelets form clot & release TXA2 & ADP

stopped by: anticlotting chemicals (eg: PGI2) and absence of binding sites

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7
Q

Extrinsic pathway

A

tissue trauma causes:
- thromboplastin (tissue factor) from outside vessel
- makes activated factor X in presence of Ca2+
- factor V and Xa in presence of Ca2+ makes:
- prothrombinase

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8
Q

Intrinsic pathway

A

blood trauma causes:
- activated platelets*
- platelet phospholipids
- activated factor XII*
- activated factor X (from XII & plat.phospho. with Ca2+)
- factor V & Xa in Ca2+ makes:
- prothrombinase

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9
Q

Common pathway

A

prothrombinase and Ca2+ will convert prothrombin into thrombin

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10
Q

Fibrin formation

A
  1. thrombin & Ca2+ turns fibrinogen into loose fibrin !threads
  2. throbrin activates factor XIII
  3. XIIIa turns loose fibrin into strengthened fibrin !threads

!insoluble

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11
Q

vessel repair
(basic steps)

A
  • clot plugs vessel
  • platelets pull fibrin threads
  • pulls damaged edges of vessel together
  • fibroblasts & endothelial cells repair vessel
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12
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

also called clot lysis (dissolves the clot)

  1. activated XII (!tPa) turns plasminogen into plasmin
  2. active plasmin breaks down fibrin, dissolving the clot

! tissue plasminogen activator

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13
Q

How to prevent/break up clots

A
  • antiplatelets (ie. ASA:aspirin) prevent
  • anticoagulants (ie. heparin) prevent or suppress
  • !thrombolytics (ie. tPA, streptokinase) break up clots

!best success if delivered within 3 hrs of a stroke

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14
Q

Components of the lymphatic system

A

fluid: lymph
vessels: lymphatic
structures/organs: tonsils, thymus, spleen, peyer’s patches
also: red bone marrow

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15
Q

Functions of lymphatic system

A
  • drain excess interstitial fluid from tissues back to blood
  • transportation of dietary lipids & lipid soluble vitamins from GI
  • carry out immune responses (kill directly or secrete antibodies)
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16
Q

Lymphatic vessel circulation

A

roughly 15% fluid (from capillary exchange) lost in tissues, goes to lymphatic circulation
- interstitial fluid near capillaries
- lymphatic system
- thoracic duct
- upper venous system (ie. L subclavian v.) to RA

17
Q

Where & how does fluid enter lymphatic circulation?

A

closed ends of lymph vessels between tissue cells, near capillaries
- overlapping sections open when fluids build up in interstitial space

18
Q

What aids in the flow of lymph?

A
  • valves (prevent backflow)
  • skeletal muscle pump
  • respiratory pump (inhalation = increased return)
19
Q

Lymph drainage routes
(structures, % drained by)

quiz with goodnotes

A

woo
- 3/4 thoracic duct
- 1/4 right lymphatic duct (upper R quarter)

20
Q

primary vs secondary lymphoid organs/tissues
(name, function)

A

primary:
- red bone marrow + thymus
- immune cell production & !immunocompetence

secondary:
- lymph nodes, nodules/follicles & spleen
- where most immune responses occur

!immune cell education

21
Q

Spleen
(structures, function)

goodnotes

A

red pulp: remove worn blood cells, store platelets, !produce blood cells
white pulp: similar function to lymph node

!only in fetus

Anatomy 2LL3 (25 decks)

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