17 - Renal: Glomerulus Flashcards
renal corpuscle
(basic anatomy)
quiz GN
- distal convoluted tubule is in contact with arterioles and juxtaglomerular apparatus
- sympathetic nerve on afferent arteriole
these are just important notes, use GN to practice labeling everything
juxtaglomerular apparatus
(cells and purpose)
macula densa: senses Na+ concentration in urine and release NO to counter vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole
juxtaglomerular granular cells: produce renin
mesangial cells: control movement of tuft
Structures connected to the kidney’s
- adrenal gland
- ureter
arteries:
- abdominal aorta to renal arteries
veins:
- renal veins to IVC
what supports the kidneys?
superficial to deep
- pararenal fat
- the renal fascia (tissue layer) filled with
- perirenal fat
- renal capsule
what is the region where all the vessels connect to the kidney called?
the renal hilum
!!kidney anatomy quiz
GN
- renal cortex
- renal column
- renal medulla
- renal pyramids
- renal papilla
- renal pelvis
birth defects for kidneys
horseshoe kidney: both kidneys combined
four ureters: two on each kidneys
accessory renal arteries: extra arteries to kidneys (3 in 10 people)
formation of urine
GN quiz
blood from:
- afferent arteriole
- capillaries of glomerulus
- out efferent arteriole
- peritubular capillaries (back to venous)
filtrate from glomerulus into renal tubule:
- capsular space
filtrate into urine through:
- proximal convoluted tubule
- descending loop of Henle
- ascending loop of Henle
- distal convoluted tubule
- collecting duct
glomerular capsule layers
- parietal layer
- visceral layer (covers capillaries of the glomerulus)
renal corpuscle basic function
filtrate formation (filtrate from the blood pushes through the glomerular capillaries)
microscopic anatomy and mechanism of filtration by the renal corpuscle
GN
- fenestrated capillary wall
- pedicels (from podocytes)
- filtration slits (between pedicels)
allow only small molecules (with water pulled in) to pass
relationship between the kidneys and the cardiovascular system
CV:
- generates flow and pressure for filtration
Kidneys:
- maintain blood volume
- regulate plasma osmolarity
- secrete mediators to affect:
- cardiac performance
- vascular tone
Pressures in the kidneys and their effects on GFR
Pushing fluid out of glomerular capillaries:
- high blood hydrostatic pressure
Holding fluid in glomerular capillaries:
- low capsular hydrostatic pressure
- high blood osmotic pressure
Typically a net positive pressure (filtrate into GS) of 10mmHg, this pressure is called the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
regulation of pressure in the kidneys
(autoregulation mechanisms)
myogenic mechanism: decreases GFR
- !smooth muscle resists stretch (high blood pressure triggers arteriole constriction)
tubuloglomerular feedback: decreases GFR
- macula densa sense highfiltrate flow (many ions and water)
- !increase adenosine release
- triggers Ca2+ release
- triggers afferent arteriole constriction
- macula densa sense low filtrate flow
- !increase nitrous oxide release
- triggers afferent arteriole dilation
regulation of pressure in the kidneys
(hormonal mechanisms)
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP): increases GFR
- release triggered by distention of atrium
- triggers relaxation of mesangial cells between glomerular capillaries
- space between capillaries increases
- triggers relaxation of afferent arteriole
angiotensin II: decreases GFR
- constricts afferent arteriole more
- will also increase blood pressure (contricts systemic arterioles
aldosterone: decreases GFR
- increased activity of Na-K-2Cl transporters increase blood volume
