1 - Heart & Thoracic Anatomy

Question 1

Thoracic cavity subsections (3)

Answer 1

• pleura: left & right pleural cavities
• mediastinum (space between pc’s)
  
  • pericardium: pericardial cavity

Question 2

diaphragm location

Answer 2

between the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Question 3

names for inner and outer walls of cavities

Answer 3

parietal (outer) and visceral (inner)
eg: parietal pleura, visceral pericardium…

Question 4

describe the directional location of the heart relative to the midlines of the body

Answer 4

• anterior
• slightly lateral (left)
• ‘rotated left’ (left side more visible from ant. view)
• superior

Question 5

names for the top and bottom of the heart

Answer 5

• base of the heart (top)
• apex of the heart (bottom point)

Question 6

what structure does the pericardium fuse with and why?

Answer 6

the diaphragm (fused section called inferior surface), to help keep the heart stable while breathing

Question 7

mediastinum compartments

Answer 7

• superior
• anterior
• middle
• posterior

Question 8

middle compartment contents (mediastinum)

Answer 8

• heart
• ascending aorta
• pulmonary trunk
• phrenic nerves

Question 9

which two bony structures does the heart lie between?

Answer 9

sternum and spine (important to compress heart for CPR)

Question 10

anterior compartment contents (mediastinum)

Answer 10

• thymus gland (atrophy’s as you age, much smaller in adults)

Question 11

posterior compartment contents (mediastinum)

Answer 11

• descending aorta
• esophagus
• lymph nodes
• vagus nerve
• thoracic duct

Question 12

superior compartment contents (mediastinum)

Answer 12

• aortic arch
• esophagus
• trachea

Question 13

key difference between arteries and veins

Answer 13

bloodflow
arteries: away from the heart
veins: towards the heart

Question 14

notable ‘grooves’ of the heart (name + location)

Answer 14

sulci
- coronary sulcus: between atria and ventricles, houses coronary arteries (R & L)
- interventricular sulcus: between R & L ventricles, houses coronary vessels (great cardiac vein & LAD)

Question 15

layers of the pericardium from superficial to deep
(name + tissue type + purpose)

Answer 15

• fibrous peri.: dense irregular CT, protects and anchors heart
• serous peri.: secretes serous fluid
  
  • parietal peri.
  • pericardial cavity between contains serous fluid
  • visceral peri./epicardium

Question 16

layers of heart wall + pathologies (name + main cause)

Answer 16

• epicardium
• myocardium
• endocardium
  when inflamed:
• pericarditis: fluid + pus accumulation
• myocarditis: viral infection, strep…
• endocarditis: bacterial, affects valves, potentially fatal

Question 17

most visible difference between chambers of the heart

Answer 17

most musculature + thickest walls
- left ventricle
- right ventricle
- left & right atria
least musculature

Question 18

valves of the heart

Answer 18

• semilunar valves
  
  • pulmonary
  • aortic
• atrioventricular valves
  
  • bicuspid/mitral
  • tricuspid
    held in place by fibrous rings

Question 19

how do papillary muscles operate the AV valves?

Answer 19

contracted: closes valves
relaxed: opens valves

Question 20

quiz:
- basic blood flow of heart + anatomy
- coronary artery + coronary vein blood flow
- label ventricular apparatus + ridges on heart wall

Answer 20

see goodnotes

Question 21

how do the semilunar valves operate?

Answer 21

when ventricles contract, pressure increases and pushes semilunar valves open
higher pressure outside the ventricles + gravity will close the semilunar valves

Question 22

heart sounds
(valves + where they’re best heard)

Answer 22

aortic: upper R (right 2nd intercostal space)
pulmonary: upper L (left 2nd intercostal)
bicuspid: lower L/apex (left 5th intercostal)
tricuspid: lower R (left lower sternal border (LLSB))

Question 23

heart valve disorders (basic 2 types)

Answer 23

stenosis (narrowing)
prolapse (eversion)

Question 24

what are auricles

Answer 24

extra space for volume overflow, connected to atria