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S + F 2 > 6. GIT tract - ruminants > Flashcards

6. GIT tract - ruminants Flashcards

1
Q

what is the tracheal bifurcation?

A

the division of the trachea into the right and left main bronchi

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2
Q

what is the Oesophageal hiatus?

A

the opening in the diaphragm through which the oesophagus passes from the thoracic to abdominal cavity

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3
Q

what is the course of the oesophagus in the cervical region

A
  • Begins at the pharynx
  • Descends dorsal to trachea to the middle of the neck
  • Midneck the oesophagus lies on the left dorsolateral aspect of the trachea
  • Regaining a median position above the trachea before or shortly after entering the thorax
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4
Q

what is the course of the oesophagus in the thoracic region

A
  • continuing beyond tracheal bifurcation, it Passes over the heart before penetrating the oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragm
  • Capable of reversed peristalsis or antiperistalsis. This allows food to be easily regurgitated from the rumen and chewed properly
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5
Q

what are the primary locations for choke in ruminants?

A
  • thoracic inlet
  • hiatus of diaphragm
  • cardia of the rumen
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6
Q

what type of stomach do ruminants have?

A

complex and composite

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7
Q

name the 4 compartments of the ruminant stomach

A
  • rumen
  • reticulum
  • omasum
  • abomasum
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8
Q

what compartments of the stomach are in the fore stomach (proventriculi)?

A

rumen, reticulum, omasum

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9
Q

describe the internal structure of the fore-stomach

A
  • Non-glandular
  • Lined with stratified squamous epithelium
  • Process and digest feedstuff
  • Papillae
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10
Q

is the abomasum glandular or non-glandular

A

glandular

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11
Q

what is the main function of the rumen?

A

fermentation

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12
Q

what are grooves?

A

thickened smooth muscle pillars on the inside of the rumen - formed my tunica mucosa

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13
Q

what do the coronary pillars do?

A

divide the caudal blind sacs

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14
Q

what do Cranial pillars do?

A

divides the dorsal and cranial sacs

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15
Q

what is the rumen divided into?

A

sacs

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16
Q

describe the rumen structure

A
  • Grooves - thickened smooth muscle pillars inside the rumen
  • Ruminal pillars: divide the dorsal and ventral ruminal sacs (Longitudinal groove/pillar)
  • Coronary pillars: divide the caudal blind sacs
  • Cranial pillar: divides the dorsal and cranial sacs
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17
Q

describe the papillae structure and function in the forestomach

A
  • mucosal projections like pegs
  • Increase surface area
  • Absorption of VFA’s (volitile fatty acids)
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18
Q

the rumen and reticulum occupy which side of the abdominal cavity?

A

left

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19
Q

describe the location of the reticulum

A
  • caudal to diaphragm, closely situated to the heart and liver
  • medial to the 6th to 8th ribs on the left side with the cranial wall at the elbow
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20
Q

microanatomy of the rumen of the cow

A
  • No muscularis mucosa
  • Complete short papillae and part of long papillae
  • Stratified squamous epithelium
21
Q

microanatomy of the reticulum of the cow

A

Sides and crests of long folds have conical papillae with keratinised tips
- Lamina propria
- lamina muscularis
- tunica muscularis

22
Q

what does the reticulum do?

A

serves as a pump that causes liquid to flow into and out of the rumen

23
Q

microanatomy of the rumen of the cow

A
  • Complete short papillae and part of long papillae
  • There is no muscularis mucosa in this part of the stomach
  • Stratified squamous epithelium
24
Q

describe the location of the omasum

A

Lies in the lower part of the cranial abdomen between reticulum and cranial rumen to the left and the liver on the right

25
Q

describe the function of the abomasum

A

Glandular, Secrete acids and digestive enzymes

26
Q

describe the location of the abomasum

A

Fills the right cranially abdomen
lies largely on the abdominal floor at the midline/ just to the right side

27
Q

describe the structure of the abomasum

A

divided into two limbs- fundus and body and pyloric portion

28
Q

what is the Ruminoreticular compartment

A

functional unit of the rumen and reticulum

29
Q

where is the ruminoreticular compartment

A

extends from the 7th rib up to the pelvis
occupy the entire left part of the abdominal cavity

30
Q

Gastric groove structure

A

Two spiral muscular folds forms a passageway from the cardia to the abomasum

31
Q

what does the gastric groove consist of

A
  • reticular groove extending in the ruminoreticular compartment
  • Omasal groove in the omasum
  • Abomasal groove in the abomasum
32
Q

what is the function of the gastric groove

A

Allowing ingested milk to bypass forestomach hence avoiding fermentation
With change of diet this bypass less used (weaning)

33
Q

describe the greater and lesser omental connections to the omentum

A
  • Attachment of the greater omentum begins dorsal to the esophagus
  • Lesser omentum arises from the visceral surface of the liver
34
Q

describe the omentum structure ruminants

A

Fatty and vascular

35
Q

where is the greater omentum found

A
  • extend ventrally and to the right of the rumen then attach to descending duodenum
  • Right longitudinal groove of rumen
  • Left longitudinal groove of rumen
  • Greater curvature of the abomasum, and duodenum
36
Q

describe the walls of the greater omentum

A

Superficial wall: arises from the left side of the rumen (left longitudinal groove)
Deep wall: arises from the right side of the rumen (right longitudinal groove)

37
Q

name the different parts of the small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

38
Q

name the different parts of the large intestine in order

A

Caecum
Ascending colon:
proximal loop of colon (before spiral colon)
Spiral colon
distal loop of colon (after spiral colon)
Transverse colon
Descending colon

39
Q

In the stomach blood supply, which artery forms three branches, providing the main flow of blood?

A

Celiac artery

40
Q

name the 3 branches of the celiac artery

A

Splenic, Left gastric and hepatic a.

41
Q

name the arteries that provide blood supply to the stomach

A

Right and left ruminal arteries
Right and left gastric arteries
Right and left gastroepiploic arteries

42
Q

describe the right and left rumen arteries

A
  • the right rumen artery comes from the splenic
  • the left rumen artery comes from the left gastric
  • they follow longitudinal grooves
43
Q

describe the Right and left gastric arteries

A
  • follow the lesser curvature of the abomasum
    anasastomise/ connect freely externally
44
Q

describe the Right and left gastroepiploic arteries

A

Right and left gastroepiploic arteries follow the greater curvature of the abomasum (originate from hepatic and left gastric arteries)

45
Q

what after supplies the bulk of the intestines?

A

cranial mesenteric artery

46
Q

the first part of the duodenum is supplied from which artery

A

the celiac artery

47
Q

descending colon is supplied from which artery

A

the caudal mesenteric artery

48
Q

which nerve provides sensory and motor pathways in the GIT

A

vagus

S + F 2 (30 decks)

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