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S + F 2 > 3. integument physiology > Flashcards

3. integument physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 7 integument functions?

A
  • protection
  • immune defence
  • sensing environment
  • thermoregulation
  • storage and excretion
  • communication/camouflage
  • selective permeability
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2
Q

what are the 3 skin sensors?

A
  • mechanoreceptors
  • nociceptors
  • thermoreceptors
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3
Q

what are the 5 mechanoreceptors and what do they detect?

A
  • Ruffini’s end organ or bulbous corpuscle – skin
    stretch.
  • Krause end bulb or bulboid corpuscle–cold.
  • Meissner’s corpuscle or tactile corpuscle – change in texture, slow vibrations.
  • Pacinian corpuscle or lamellar corpuscle – pressure, fast vibrations.
  • Merkel’s disc, a free nerve ending with discoid terminals – sustained touch and pressure.
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4
Q

what are nociceptors?

A

free nerve endings that sense pain

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5
Q

what are thermoreceptors?

A

free nerve endings that detect hot or cold

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6
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

Maintenance of constant conditions within the body’s internal environment in face of disturbances.

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7
Q

what does homeostasis need to balance?

A
  • Concentration of water, salt and electrolytes.
  • pH.
  • Concentration of blood gases (O2 and CO2).
  • Concentration of waste products.
  • Responses to infection, injury, pain and emotional stress.
  • temperature
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8
Q

what percentage of water is in a total adult body mass?

A

60-65%

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9
Q

how is water inputted into the body?

A
  • free water intake (drinking)
  • water in food
    -metabolic water
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10
Q

How us water outputted in the body?

A
  • urine
  • faeces
  • insensible losses- evaporation from skin and airway
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11
Q

what are electrolytes?

A

minerals in the blood and other bodily fluids that carry an electrical charge

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12
Q

What do electrolytes impact?

A
  • water balance
  • blood acidity (pH)
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13
Q

how are electrolytes maintained?

A

by adjusting the water concentration detected by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus

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14
Q

what is acid-base homeostasis?

A

balance between acids and bases; constant hydrogen ion concentration [H+]

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15
Q

what maintains and controls homeostasis?

A

Region of the brain called the hypothalamus

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16
Q

what does the hypothalamus coordinate?

A

Coordinates activities of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) which are sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems

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17
Q

what does the hypothalamus control?

A

major part of the endocrine system

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18
Q

what does the hypothalamus detect?

A

osmolarity of the interstitial fluid in the brain via osmoreceptors

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19
Q

what does the hypothalamus monitor?

A

brain temperature

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20
Q

How does temperature homeostasis work?

A
  • hypothalamus acts as a thermostat
  • it receives nerve impulses from cold and warmth thermoreceptors (free nerve endings) within the skin
  • also works by thermosensors within the hypothalamus and within the spinal chord, visceral organs and nasal/oral organs
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21
Q

what is the normal body temperature for most species?

A

38C

22
Q

what do homeotherms use to thermoregulate?

A

metabolic heat

23
Q

what do poikilotherms use to thermoregulate?

A

external environment

24
Q

what is hypothermia?

A

below normal body temperature: when heat loss exceeds heat production

25
Q

what is hyperthermia?

A

above normal body temperature: when heat production exceeds heat loss. Can be physiological and pathological

26
Q

what is fever or pyrexia?

A

when the hypothalamic set point is reset to a higher temperature, this enhances leucocyte function to help fight infection

27
Q

is thermoregulation a positive or negative feedback mechanism?

A

negative

28
Q

With thermoregulation: what happens if our body temperature gets too high?

A

hypothalamus heat loss centre detects higher than set point temperature, this makes the blood vessels dilate and actives the sweat glands. Body temperature then decreases to a normal set point.

29
Q

With thermoregulation: What happens if our body temperature gets too low?

A

Hypothalamus heat-promoting centre detects lower body temperature, the blood vessels constrict and the skeletal muscles are activated: shivering begins. This increases body temperature to normal

30
Q

How do animals produce heat?

A
  • By product of the metabolic process: all food energy is converted either directly or indirectly
  • exercise
  • eating
  • muscle contraction ( shivering thermogenesis)
    brown adipose tissue (non-shivering thermogenesis)
  • fever
31
Q

what is non-shivering thermogeneisis

A

increased heat production Bia increased metabolism

32
Q

what is non-shivering thermogenesis as a response to?

A

cold external factors

33
Q

what is non- shivering thermogenesis mediated via?

A
  • increased thyroxine secretion (the hormone from the thyroid gland)
  • increased sympathetic (ANS) activity (norepinephrine)
  • increased metabolism of lipids in response to circulation cetecholamines (norepinephrine/epinephrine)
34
Q

what is brown adipose tissue

A
  • A tissue predominately found in neonates as they have a large SA:V
  • pigs don’t have any as they don’t have a UCP1 Gene
  • present in small hibernating mammals in a adulthood
  • specific to mammals
35
Q

What is the structure of brown adipose tissue?

A
  • they have a darker colour due to a higher density of mitochondria with cytochrome pigment
  • they have smaller lipid droplets then yellow adipose tissue
  • they have many lipid droplets compared to yellow adipose tissue
36
Q

where is brown adipose tissue located?

A

in the subcutaneous region between scapular and around kidney and myocardium

37
Q

what does brown adipose tissue do?

A

due to lipids being in close proximity to mitochondria it facilitates the rapid transfer of stored energy to heat energy

38
Q

What stimulates brown adipose tissue?

A

circulating catecholamines and norepinephrine secreted from sympathetic nerve endings

39
Q

What are the 3 ways animals lose heat?

A
  • radiation
  • conduction and convection
  • evaporation
40
Q

how do animals lose heat by radiation?

A

when the body is warmer than the environment, it loses heat by emission of infra-red radiation

41
Q

how do animals lose heat by conduction and convection?

A
  • directly from the body surface to cooler objects in contact with the animal
  • transfer of heat by warm air to cooler air
42
Q

how do animals lose heat by evaporation

A

ambient air is equal to or greater than body temperature: panting and sweating

43
Q

what is panting?

A

A number of pattern acts top increase heat loss through evaporation

44
Q

what are the 3 panting pattern acts?

A
  • inflation and exhalation through the nose
  • inhalation through the nose and exhalation through the nose and mouth
  • inhalation through the nose and mouth and exhalation through the nose and mouth
45
Q

which species is sweating an important means of thermoregulation and from what glands?

A
  • horses and cattle via apocrine sweat glands
  • primates via eccrine sweat glands
46
Q

where are sweat glands confined to in cats?

A
  • paws
  • lips
  • chin
  • perineum
47
Q

which species have poor developed sweating?

A

dogs and pigs so have little use in thermoregulation

48
Q

What supplies blood to the skin?

A

cutaneous arteries

49
Q

In blood supply to skin what are the 3 plexus involved?

A
  • deep or subcutaneous plexus ( terminal branches of the cutaneous arteries)
  • middle plexus
  • superficial plexus
50
Q

How is heat transferred within the body?

A
  • heat transported by the blood
  • heat it is produced primarily in muscles and the liver
  • heat is lost through through skin and respiratory tracts as has very good blood supply with many small vessels close to the body surface
  • rise is core body temp increases blood flow to the skin
  • decrease in core body temp decrease flow

S + F 2 (30 decks)

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