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S + F 2 > 1. hair, wool, feathers, scales > Flashcards

1. hair, wool, feathers, scales Flashcards

1
Q

Where do hairs, feathers and scales develop from?

A

Epidermis interacting with underlying mesenchymal tissue

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2
Q

How does hair develop?

A
  1. The ectodermal bud grows into the mesenchyme
  2. the bud differentiates + and there are indications of glands
  3. The hair follicle develops with other structures- sebaceous gland, sweat gland, arrector pill muscle
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3
Q

What is the structure of hair?

A

long, thin chain of keratin proteins composed of
- a central medulla
- a thick cortex
- an outer cuticle

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of hair?

A

-Wool
- Tactile
- guard

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5
Q

How do guard hairs lie and run?

A

lie against the skin and run in tracts of the same direction

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6
Q

give examples of species-specific guard hairs

A

Horses: mane/tail/fetlock
Pigs: stiff bristles
Cattle: long tail hairs

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7
Q

What is the structure of tactile hair?

A

-Reach deep into subcutis or even muscle
- dermal sheath surrounds the follicle that contains nerve endings
- surrounded by a venous sinus

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8
Q

What is the hair growth cycle?

A
  • Anagen: growing phase, most follicles
  • Catagan: transition phase, growth slows, atrophy of follicle
  • Telogen: Resting phase, growth stopped, hair eventually breaks free and sheds
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9
Q

What are the 5 functions of hair?

A
  • protection
  • thermoregulation
  • water resistance
  • communication/ camouflage
  • sensory
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10
Q

How are feathers homologous to hairs?

A

-keratin structures from the epidermis
- shared ancestory

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11
Q

what are the 2 epidermal layers in birds?

A
  • stratum germinativum (basale)
  • stratum corneum
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12
Q

what are the 3 bird glands?

A
  • uropygial (preen)
  • aural
  • vent
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13
Q

what do developing feathers contain a core of?

A

vascular dermis

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14
Q

What is the structure of a feather?

A
  • main shaft = RACHIS
  • VANES either side
  • made up of BARBS with interlocking BARBULES
  • base of quill = CALAMUS
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15
Q

What are the 6 types of feather and what do they do?

A
  1. CONTOUR FEATHERS: includes flight feathers, streamlined, waterproof
  2. HYOPENNA: Associated with contour feathers
  3. DOWN FEATHERS: non-interlocking barbules trap air
  4. SEMI-PLUMES: fluffy insulators
  5. BRISTLES: sensory and protective
  6. FILOPLUMES: sensory and help with flight adjustment
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16
Q

what are the 6 flight feathers?

A
  1. primary
  2. primary covert
  3. secondary
  4. secondary covert
  5. marginal covert
  6. alula
17
Q

What are powder down feathers?

A
  • Feathers that produce a fine, waxy keratin powder
  • similar function to preen gland which is for cleaning and waterproofing therefore most birds without a preen gland get these feathers
18
Q

What are the 6 functions of feathers?

A
  • protection
  • water resistance
  • thermoregulation
  • communication/camouflage
  • sensory
  • flight/locomotion
19
Q

What are the 3 layers of the epidermis in reptiles?

A
  • Stratum germinativum
  • stratum intermedium
  • stratum corneum
20
Q

reptiles + amphibians can sometimes have OSTEODERMS, what are these?

A
  • Bony plates in the dermis
21
Q

in tortoises what is the shell formed from?

A

osteoderm fusion with ribs

22
Q

what do thick keratinised scales reduce? what is the risk from this?

A

skin sensation
risk of thermal burns

23
Q

what is Ecdysis and what is it controlled by?

A

skin shedding
controlled by thyroid gland

24
Q

what does ecdysis do and what is the risk from this to consider?

A

Replaces worn skin, making it more permeable and therefore more susceptible to infection/parasites/medication overdose

25
Q

where are fish scales derived from?

A

are dermally derived from mesoderm

26
Q

what cells do fish have little of?

A

keratinocytes and corneocytes

27
Q

what is the lateral line system in fish and how is it achieved?

A
  • It is a system of sensory organs in a fish achieved by modified epithelial cells
  • it senses movement/vibration/ pressure in surrounding water that helps with orientation/defence/predation

S + F 2 (30 decks)

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