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Biology MYP > 6. Genetics > Flashcards

6. Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA full form

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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2
Q

Sugar of DNA

A

Deoxyribose

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3
Q

Nitrogenous Bases of DNA

A

A&T
G&C

A- Adenine
T- Thymine
G- Guanine
C- Cytosine

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4
Q

Which nitrogenous base of DNA is stonger

A

G&C

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5
Q

Why are genes important

A

Genes specify the sequences of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.
This is important as Hormones and Enzymes both are proteins.

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6
Q

Who discovered DNA originally?

A

Rosin Franklin

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7
Q

How many alleles does each trait have?

A

Two (one from each parent)
The dominant one is expressed. A recessive gene will only be expressed if it is with another recessive gene.

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8
Q

Homozygous

A

Both alleles are either dominant or recessive

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9
Q

Hetrozygous

A

Two different versions of the same gene

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10
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Set of genes received from the father and set of genes received from the mother in the same place

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11
Q

Genome/ Genotype

A

All of an organism’s genetic material

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12
Q

Phenotype

A

What you look from the outside

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13
Q

Haploid

A

Half the number of chromosomes in a place
In humans eggs and sperm are haploid

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14
Q

Law of Segregation

A

During production of gametes, two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent

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15
Q

Why must cells divide?

A

a) To form gametes
b) So we grow
c) To replace damaged cells

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16
Q

When cells divide for growth and repair what is it called?

A

Mitosis (takes place in somatic cells)

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17
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

Information comes out of nucleus and goes to ribosomes so proteins can be made

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18
Q

Somatic Cells

A

Any cell in the body except reproductive cells

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19
Q

Why is transcription and translation needed?

A

Because DNA is very large and cannot leave the nucleus of the cell, so in order to use a gene, it is necessary to make a copy of it which can be read by the ribosomes outside the nucleus.

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20
Q

For reproductive purposes when cells divide what is it called?

A

Meiosis (takes place in reproductive cells and organs)

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21
Q

What is the copy of a particular gene from DNA known as?

A

mRNA

Messenger RNA

22
Q

Differences between mRNA and DNA

A

1) Much shorter than DNA as it only has one gene
2) Only a single strand long
3) Instead of the base Thymine, it has Uracil

23
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

Enzyme which binds to the DNA where the gene which needs to be copied starts.

Then, it moves along the gene and read the base one by one to make an mRNA strand

24
Q

mRNA bases will

A

always be complimentary to DNA

If there is an A, it will be Uracil
If there is a T, it will be A
If there is a G, it will be C
If there is a C, it will be G

25
Q

Codon/ Triplet and what does it do?

A

A group of 3 bases which codes for a specific amino acid
Can be DNA or mRNA

26
Q

Translation

A

The ribosome and mRNA strand bind together by adding one amino acid at a time

As the ribosomes move along the mRNA, the tRNA goes away and leaves the amino acids behind, and when the process it completed the ribosomes move away so the left behind amino acids can form a protein.

27
Q

How are amino acids brought to the ribosomes?

A

by tRNA

Transfer RNA

28
Q

tRNA

A

Carry the amino acids on the top and the anti-codon on the bottom.

The anti-codon is complimentary to the codon which codes for the amino acid on the top

They carry the correct amino acids in the correct order so the ribosomes chain them together

29
Q

Diploid

A

The presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cells, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair.

30
Q

Marfan syndrome

A

Direct Effect of Mutation: defective protein in connective tissue

Signs and Symptoms of the Disorder: heart and bone defects and unusually long, slender limbs and fingers

Mode of Inheritance: autosomal dominant

31
Q

Autosomal dominant

A

Direct Effect of Mutation: Abnormal hemoglobin protein in red blood cells

Signs and Symptoms of the Disorder: Sickle-shaped red blood cells that clog tiny blood vessels, causing pain and damaging organs and joints

Mode in inheritance: Autosomal recessive

32
Q

Autosomal recessive

A

In this pattern, a child inherits one mutated gene copy from each parent, and both copies of the gene must be abnormal for the condition to develop

33
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

Direct Effect of Mutation: Abnormal hemoglobin protein in red blood cells

Signs and Symptoms of the Disorder: Sickle-shaped red blood cells that clog tiny blood vessels, causing pain and damaging organs and joints

Mode in inheritance: Autosomal recessive

34
Q

Vitamin D-resistant rickets

A

Direct Effect of Mutation: Lack of a substance needed for bones to absorb minerals

Signs and symptoms of the disorder: Soft bones that easily become deformed, leading to bowed legs and other skeletal deformities

Mode of inheritance: X linked dominant

35
Q

Hemophilia A

A

Direct Effect of Mutation: Reduced activity of a protein needed for blood clotting

Signs and symptoms of the disorder: Internal and external bleeding that occurs easily and is difficult to control

Mode of inheritance: X-linked recessive

36
Q

Trisomy 21

A

Down Syndrome

Genotype: Extra copy (complete or partial) of chromosome 21 (see Figure below )

Phenotype effects: developmental delays, distinctive facial appearance, and other abnormalities

37
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

Genotype: One X chromosome but no other sex chromosome (XO)

Phenotype effects: female with short height and infertility (inability to reproduce)

38
Q

Tripple- X syndrome

A

Genotype: Three X chromosomes (XXX)

Phenotype effects: Female with mild developmental delays and menstrual irregularities

39
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

Genotype: One Y chromosome and two or more X chromosomes (XXY, XXXY)

Phenotype effects: Male with problems in sexual development and reduced levels of the male hormone testosterone

40
Q

3 stages of cell interphase

A

First gap stage: G1–> 1st stage

S–> Synthesis (of DNA)

G2 phase

M–> Division (Mitosis / Meiosis)

41
Q

First gap stage

A

First stage of the preparatory phase of cell division.

The cell grows in size and the organelles grow in size.

Does not involve DNA replication

42
Q

Synthesis phase

A

Second phase in interphase

The nucleus and the genetic information (DNA) will get duplicated

Centrosome also gets duplicated (organelles which helps in releasing threads used to separate sister chromatids).

43
Q

Second gap phase (G2)

A

Third step in interphase

Allows cell to grow more and makes more protein and organelles

Prepares the cell for mitosis

44
Q

PMAT

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

45
Q

Prophase

A

Nucleus is still there but starts disappearing

Chromosomes are visible and are condensing (they are thickening and visible)

The chromosomes are connected to the centromere and are referred to as sister chromatids

46
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

No nucleus membrane is present

47
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosomes move away and move towards the poles of the cells

Spindles (fibres) that help the chromosomes move towards the end

48
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes are at the complete opposite ends (poles)

New nuclei are forming on each side to make new cells

49
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Final separation into two cells

The cytoplasm separates forming new cells

50
Q

Difference between DNA and RNA

A

Structure: DNA is double-stranded, meaning it’s made up of two separate chains that twist into a double helix. RNA is usually single-stranded.

Function: DNA stores and transfers genetic information, while RNA creates proteins.
Sugars: DNA contains deoxyribose, while RNA contains ribose. Ribose has an extra -OH group compared to deoxyribose.

Bases: DNA contains adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine, while RNA contains adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine. Uracil differs from thymine because it lacks a methyl group in its ring.

Biology MYP (8 decks)

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