11. Biotechnology

Question 1

Two main techniques of manipulating DNA in the nucleus of cells

Answer 1

Cloning

Genetic engineering or genetic modification

Question 2

Cloning

Answer 2

Where the DNA of one organism is copied exactly into another organism
(there is no change to the DNA)

Genes are copied within the same species

Question 3

Genetic engineering or genetic modification

Answer 3

DNA is modified so that a unique set of genes is produced

Genetic engineering provides a faster way to modify species by directly
transplanting genes for a desired characteristic into an organism.

Question 4

Selective breeding

Answer 4

Modifying the gene pools of species by selecting favourable characteristics

Results in improved crops, livestock, disease resistance, improved milk yield

Question 5

Different types of cloning

Answer 5

1. Embryo cloning/ embryo splitting
2. Nuclear transfer
3. Cuttings
4. Tissue Cloning

Question 6

Nuclear transfer:

Answer 6

Transferring a body cell into an egg and then stimulating cell division
to produce an embryo

Question 6

Embryo cloning/ embryo splitting

Answer 6

Splitting cells apart from a developing embryo, before they become specialised, to produce several identical embryos.

Question 7

Cuttings

Answer 7

Taking a small piece of stem or leaf and growing it in the right conditions to
produce a new plant

Question 8

Tissue cloning

Answer 8

Getting a few cells from a desirable plant to make a big mass of identical cells, each of which can produce a tiny identical plant

Question 9

Naturally produced clones

Answer 9

Via asexual reproduction as there is no joining of gametes and offspring is genetically identical to the parent

Question 10

Benefits of cloning (7)

Answer 10

• Providing new babies for infertile couples
• Producing new organs for transplant that won’t be rejected
• Helping ensure the survival of endangered species, and bringing back extinct animals
• Producing useful proteins in milk to treat diseases
• Producing medically useful animals
• Producing prize agricultural animals
• Pet cloning

Question 11

DNA Replication enzymes

Answer 11

DNA Polymerase
Helicase
Primase
Ligase

Question 12

Helicase

Answer 12

‘Unzipping enzyme’

Breaking the hydrogen bond that holds the DNA bases together (spilts the 2 strands)

Question 12

DNA Polymerase

Answer 12

‘The builder’

Builds new set of DNA

Question 13

Ligase

Answer 13

‘The Gluer’

Glue DNA fragments together

Question 14

Primase

Answer 14

‘The initialiser’

Tells the DNA Polymerase where to start building the new DNA set by creating primer

Question 15

Bioprinting

Answer 15

Printing 3D-tissue and organs by utilizing stem cells

Create organs suitable for transplantation

Question 16

Bioprinters

Answer 16

Bioprinters use inkjet needles to deliver cells and with the help of a support structure and other things