11. Biotechnology Flashcards
Two main techniques of manipulating DNA in the nucleus of cells
Cloning
Genetic engineering or genetic modification
Cloning
Where the DNA of one organism is copied exactly into another organism
(there is no change to the DNA)
Genes are copied within the same species
Genetic engineering or genetic modification
DNA is modified so that a unique set of genes is produced
Genetic engineering provides a faster way to modify species by directly
transplanting genes for a desired characteristic into an organism.
Selective breeding
Modifying the gene pools of species by selecting favourable characteristics
Results in improved crops, livestock, disease resistance, improved milk yield
Naturally produced clones
Via asexual reproduction as there is no joining of gametes and offspring is genetically identical to the parent
Benefits of cloning (7)
- Providing new babies for infertile couples
- Producing new organs for transplant that won’t be rejected
- Helping ensure the survival of endangered species, and bringing back extinct animals
- Producing useful proteins in milk to treat diseases
- Producing medically useful animals
- Producing prize agricultural animals
- Pet cloning
DNA Replication enzymes
DNA Polymerase
Helicase
Primase
Ligase
Helicase
‘Unzipping enzyme’
Breaking the hydrogen bond that holds the DNA bases together (spilts the 2 strands)
DNA Polymerase
‘The builder’
Builds new set of DNA
Ligase
‘The Gluer’
Glue DNA fragments together
Primase
‘The initialiser’
Tells the DNA Polymerase where to start building the new DNA set by creating primer
Bioprinting
Printing 3D-tissue and organs by utilizing stem cells
Create organs suitable for transplantation
Bioprinters
Bioprinters use inkjet needles to deliver cells and with the help of a support structure and other things
DNA of the organism later contains DNA from another organism is called?
Recombinant DNA
Organism receiving the genetic material is called?
Genetically Modified or Transgenic Organism
Process of inserting a gene into an organism (3)
1) Restriction enzyme are used to isolate the required gene, leaving it with a short section of unpaired bases
2) Plasmid and isolated gene are joined together using Ligase enzyme
3) Genetically engineered plasmids are inserted into bacteria cells which then reproduce, spreading the recombinant plasmid.
How does large scale production of recombinant proteins happen
In controlled conditions such as fermenters
Why is bacteria ideal for genetic engineering (4)
-Share the same genetic code as other organisms
-Ensure accurate protein production
-Have no ethical concerns
-Possess Plasmids which is easy to manipulate for genetic modification
