2. What Chemical Processes Support Life Flashcards
Aerobic respiration
Releasing energy from food in the presence of oxygen
Aerobic respiration Equation
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + ATP
Where does aerobic respiration take place?
Mitochondria
Order for aerobic respiration
- Glycolysis
- Krebs Cycle
- Electron Transport Chain
- ATP Synthase
Chemical Equation for Anaerobic Respiration
Animals: C6H12O6 → 2C3H6O3 + ATP
Plants: C6H12O6 → 2C3H6O3 + 2CO2 + ATP
Two stages of Anaerobic respiration
- Glycolysis
- Fermentation
Anaerobic Respiration
Occurs in the absence of oxygen
5 differences between Aerobic respiration and Anaerobic respiration
- Aerobic respiration produces 36 ATP, Anaerobic only produces 2 ATP
- Aerobic has 4 stages, Anaerobic has 2 stages
- End products of Aerobic is CO2 and H2O, Anaerobic end products are alcohol, CO2, lactic acid
- Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, anaerobic does not
- Aerobic occurs in cytoplasm and mitchondria, anaerobic occurs only in cytoplasm
Metabolism
Sum of all chemical reactions in a body
Chemical process which occurs in the cell
Metabolism
List 3 factors affecting Metabolism
- Body Composition
- Age
- Physical Activity
Catabolic reaction
Breaks down larger molecules into smaller molecules
Anabolic reaction
Builds larger molecules from smaller molecules
Example of an anabolic reaction
Photosynthesis
Is respiration catabolic or anabolic?
Catabolic
Glycolysis
ANEROBIC process (it does not require presence of oxygen and takes place in anaerobic respiration as well as aerobic respiration)
Splits pyruvates
Releases some ATP
NaDH is collected
What is pyruvate used for?
Krebs Cycle
Krebs Cycle
Inside mitochondrial matrix
Uses oxygen (aerobic process)
Amphibolic Pathway (catabolic and anabolic processes both)
Electron Transport Chain
Electrons are transferred from NaDH and FaDH to protein complexes and electron carriers.
Used to make a proton and chemical gradient
ATP Synthase
Enzyme which makes ATP
Adds phosphate to ADP
Experiment to see presence of starch in a leaf (3)
The leaf starch test:
1.Put a black paper strip on the leaf
2.Water bath- put the leaf in the test tube with ethanol. (alcohol- it takes the chlorophyll) A candle below. (we heat it up because it enhances the iodine solution step)
3.Iodine solution- this is the starch test
Factors affecting photosynthesis
- Light intensity
- Carbon Dioxide concentration and volume
- Temperature (enzymes may get denatured)
Experiment to see importance of CO2 during photosynthesis
Insert a part of the leaf of a destarched plant(plant which doesn’t contain starch)into a conical flask containing potassium hydroxide. Potassium hydroxide solution absorbs the carbon dioxide gas from the air present in the glass bottle. Leave the plant sunlight. After few hours, perform a starch test to this and another leaf of the same plant.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sc4efTPQpL0
Experiment to see importance of sunlight during photosynthesis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JCbGUgm8Uq0
Experiment to see that Oxygen is produced during photosynthesis
Experiment to see that Oxygen is produced during photosynthesis
A water plant, such as the hydrilla shown in the diagram, placed into a beaker containing pond water. The experiment is then exposed to sunlight. After a few hours, gas bubbles form and collect in the test-tube. Hence, we can conclude that oxygen is produced as the gas bubbles are created by the presence of oxygen in the water the plant was in when it photosynthesized. We can confirm these gas bubbles are oxygen bubbles by taking the test-tube, exposing it momentarily, then putting a lit matchstick over it, which will turn into fumes as oxygen is known to support combustion. This confirms that the gas bubbles are indeed oxygen as it produces a reaction with another gas that is typically exclusive to oxygen.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g2YBi7d4x8
Transpiration
The loss of water from a plant
Factors affecting transpiration
Surface Area of Leaves
Water Availability: When water is scarce, plants may close their stomata to conserve water, leading to a decrease in transpiration.
Temperature: As temperatures rise, the rate of transpiration generally increases. This is because warmer air can hold more water vapor, creating a steeper concentration gradient between the leaf and the air.
