6) Endocrine Tissue Flashcards
What is the name of the anterior pituitary gland?
adenohypophysis
What is the name of the posterior pituitary gland?
neurohypophysis
Where is the pituitary gland located?
at the base of the brain
What hormones does the pituitary gland secrete?
FSH MSH TSH LH GH ACTH posterior - ADH posterior - oxytocin
Where is the thyroid gland located?
anterior to the trachea
What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?
T4 - thyroxine
T3 - triodothyroinine
Where is the parathyroid gland located?
on the dorsal surface of the thyroid gland
What hormone is secreted by the parathyroid gland?
parathormone (PTH)
Where is the adrenal gland located?
On top of each kidney
What hormones are secreted by the adrenal gland?
corticosteroids
estrogen
progestin
Where is the pancreas located?
to the left and behind the stomach
What hormones are secreted by the pancreas?
exocrine - digestive enzymes
endocrine - insulin
What is a clinical sign of a pituitary tumor?
blurred vission
What are 4 things the hypothalamus regulates?
thermoregulation
heart rate
mood
lactation
Which pituitary gland has neurons connecting it to the hypothalamus?
Posterior pituitary gland (neurophysis)
Name the pituitary portal system
hypophyseal-hypothalamo portal system
Describe the structure of portal systems
capillaries of the arterioles, portal vessels (portal veins), capillaries, veins
How are the horomones of the pituitary secreted?
merocrine and constitutive secretion
Where is the thyroid in relation to the neck and trachea?
on the 3rd and 4th cartilage down
underneath the cricoid cartilage
located on the anterior surface
looks like a butterfly
What is hypothyroidism?
Low levels of T3 and T4, high levels of TSH
What is hyperthyroidism?
high levels of T3 and T4 , low levels of TSH
What are the T3/T4/TSH levels in Hashimotos thyroiditis?
low T3 and T4, high TSH
How does Hashimoto’s thyroiditis occur?
The person produces autoantibodies that attack the enzymes that make T3 and T4
What enzymes are attacked in Hashimoto’s?
TPO - thyroperoxidase (needed for last step of T3/T4 production)
TG - Thyroglobulin (stores T3/T4)
What are the T3/T4 levels in Grave’s Thyroiditis?
high T3/T4, low TSH
How does Grave’s occur?
The body produces anti-TSH antibodies and TSI antibodies.
Anti-TSH - blocks TSH from binding
TSI - bind directly thyroid to stimulate T3/T4 production
What are parafollicular cells?
Neuroendocrine cells that migrate to the thyroid during thyroid development in the embryo and produce calcitonin
What is the role of parafollicular cells?
To monitor plasma Ca2+ levels and decrease them by inhibiting osteoclast activity in bones
What is the role of the parathyroid gland?
to monitor the plasma calcium concentration
How does the parathyroid gland increase the concentration of calcium in the plasma?
Produces parathyroid hormone which causes the bones to release calcium into the blood and absorb more from the GI tract
What cells make up the adrenal medulla?
Chromaffin cells
How do chromaffin cells secrete hormones?
They are stimulated by nerve impulses
What hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex?
outer - Zona glomerulosa
middle - Zona fasciculata
inner - Zone reticularis
What is the function of each layer?
Zone glomerulosa - maintain BP with aldosterone
Zona fasciculata - mobilise fats, proteins and carbohydrates with glucocorticoids
Zone reticularis - androgen precursors
What is the main response of the adrenal cortex?
Stress response
What is a stress respnse?
a state of real or perceived threat to homeostasis
What changes occur in a stress response?
behavioural changes
physicological changes
Name 3 endocrine functions of the pancreas
glucagon - catabolises glycogen to glucose. Alpha cells
insulin - uptake and storage of glucose. Beta cells
somatostatins - inhibits glucagon and insulin production. delta cells
What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?
Produce lipase
Produce amylase
Produce ribonuclease
