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Body Logistics > 1) Homeostasis > Flashcards

1) Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Define homeostasis

A 
Homeo = sameness
Stasis = standing still
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2
Q

What needs to be kept constant in an internal environment?

A
  • conc. of CO2, O2, salts and other electrolytes
  • conc. of nutrients and waste products
  • pH
  • Temperature
  • volume and pressure
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3
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A

A system in which the output reduces, reverses or stops the original stimulus

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4
Q

What is a positive feedback loop?

A

A system in which the output enhances or exaggeratess the original stimulus

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5
Q

What are the body’s responses to an increase in temperature?

A
  • vasodilation
  • sweating
  • stretching out
  • pilorelaxation
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6
Q

What are the body’s responses to a decrease in temperature?

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • piloerection
  • shivering
  • curling up
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7
Q

Describe the process of blood clotting

A

1) Break/tear in blood vessel
2) Platelets adhere to to site of tear and release chemicals
3) The chemicals attract more platelets
4) Clotting occurs
5) Feedback ends when clot seals tears

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8
Q

When does positive feedback stop?

A

When the initiator ceases

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9
Q

When does negative feedback stop?

A

When the effector ceases

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10
Q

What is core body temperature?

A

The temperature of the head, neck and torso as they contain the main organs

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11
Q

What is the average core body temperature?

A

36.5-37.5 degrees celcius

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12
Q

Above what body temperature is classified as a fever?

A

38.5 degrees celcius

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13
Q

What symptoms are associated with heat exhaustion?

A
  • unconcious/seizures
  • headaches
  • confused
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14
Q

What symptoms are associated with heat stroke?

A
  • flushed dry skin

- strong bounding pulse

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15
Q

What symptoms are associated with a fever?

A
  • pale sweaty skin

- cramps in stomach, arms & legs

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16
Q

What symptoms are associated with mild hypothermia?

A
  • shivering
  • fatigue
  • confusion
  • forgetfulness
  • slurred speech
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17
Q

What symptoms are associated with severe hypothermia?

A
  • shivering stops
  • muscles become rigid
  • very slow and weak pulse
  • severe reduction in response levels
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18
Q

What symptoms are associated with no vital signs?

A
  • unconciousness
  • dilated pupils
  • pulse undetectable
  • appearance of death
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19
Q

What symptoms are associated with no vital signs?

A
  • unconciousness
  • dilated pupils
  • pulse undetectable
  • appearance of death
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20
Q

What is the normal blood pH?

A

7.35 (arteriole end) - 7.45 (venuole end)

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21
Q

What are the 2 main organs responsible for maintaining acid-base balance?

A

lungs-respiratory balance

kidney-metabolic balance

22
Q

What are the 2 main organs responsible for maintaining acid-base balance?

A

lungs-respiratory balance

kidney-metabolic balance

23
Q

Between what blood pH does acidosis occur?

A

7-7.35

24
Q

Below what blood pH does death occur?

A

7

25
Q

Between what blood pH does alkalosis?

A

7.45-7.8

26
Q

Above what blood pH does death occur?

A

7.8

27
Q

Above what blood pH does death occur?

A

7.8

28
Q

What is normal gastric pH?

A

1.5-3.5

29
Q

What is the limit of human tissue survival?

A

pH 6.8-7.8

30
Q

What is oedema?

A

Fluid retention

31
Q

What causes oedema?

A

There are proteins in the interstitial space causing hydrostatic pressure > osmotic pressure causing water to be driven out into the interstitial space

32
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

Pressure from the heart and blood

33
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

Pressure of water coming back into the vessel

34
Q

Where is oedema commonly found?

A

In the limbs (mainly the ankles)

35
Q

How much water is needed each day to maintain a healthy adult?

A

2.5 litres

36
Q

What is the total body water percentage of a normal man?

A

60%

37
Q

What is the total body water percentage of an obese man?

A

50%

38
Q

What is the total body water percentage of a lean man?

A

70%

39
Q

What does the term isotonic mean?

A

There is the same amount of water on both sides of the plasma membrae

40
Q

What does the term isotonic mean?

A

There is the same amount of water on both sides of the plasma membrane

41
Q

What does hypotonic mean?

A

Less water inside of the cell than outside, so water moves in

42
Q

What does hypertonic mean?

A

Less water outside the cell, so water moves out

43
Q

What happens if there is not enough water in the body?

A

Cells and tissues absorb water from interstitial space
Then abosrb water fromm each other
Then water is absorbed from organs when tissues die
Then water is absorbed from the brain, liver, kidney and heart when the organs die

44
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

How much water there is in the urine or plasma

45
Q

What is oligurea?

A

Decrease in urea production

46
Q

What regulates the flow of water in cells?

A

Amount of glycerol in the cells

47
Q

Why do IV drips need to be isotonic solutions?

A

To ensure the Iv fluid has the same oncotic pressure as the blood

48
Q

How do IV fluids have the same physiological saline concentration as blood?

A

IV drip includes salts

0.9% NaCl

49
Q

How do IV fluids have the same physiological saline concentration as blood?

A

IV drip includes salts

0.9% NaCl

50
Q

What is osmolality?

A

The concentration of a solution expressed as the total number of particles per Kg
(units = osmol/L or osmol/Kg)

Body Logistics (15 decks)

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