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Body Logistics > 15) Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

15) Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage
Elasic cartilage
Fibrocartilage

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2
Q

What type of cells are present in hyaline cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes

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3
Q

How does hyaline cartilage develope?

A

Endochondral ossification

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4
Q

What is the role of chondrocytes?

A

To produce and maintain the extracellular matrix

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5
Q

What is the function of hyaluronic acid in cartilage?

A

Provides resillience when pressure is applied by attracting water

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6
Q

What is the structure of ground substance?

A

Lots of collagen fibres

Lots of proteoglycans attached to the side of hyalauronic acid

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7
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage present?

A

Between all joints

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8
Q

How does hyaline cartilage form?

A

In the perichondrium, precursor cells develop into chondropblasts.
Chondroblasts enlarge and undergo appositional or interstitial growth through the extracellular matrix, forming chondrocytes

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9
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

Growth from the periphery

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10
Q

What is interstitial growth?

A

Growth towards the centre as growth is occuring in the perichondrium on both sides

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11
Q

Where does Rheumatic Artheritis occur?

A

On articular surfaces, as damage to the cartilage here cannot be repaired as chondrocytes in adults dont proliferate. Nearby fibroblasts lay down scar tissue which becomes calcified, causing a loss of flexibility in the joint

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12
Q

What is elastic cartilage made up of?

A

Chondrocytes

Elastic fibres

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13
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

Pinna of the ear
Eustacian tube
epiglotis

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14
Q

How does elastic cartilage function?

A

Lays down fibroelastic cartilage by bursting and releasing its material into the extracellular matrix

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15
Q

What cells are found in fibrocartilage?

A

Chondrocytes
Fibroblasts
(mix of dense connective tissue and hyaline cartilage)

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16
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Meniscus of knee
cartilage in intervertabral disc
pubic symphysis

17
Q

What is the function of fibrocartilage?

A

Shoch absorber
Insulator
Compressable activity

18
Q

What is the process of bone formation called?

A

Endochondrial ossification

19
Q

Describe the process of endochondrial ossification

A

1) Hyaline cartilage acts as a model template
2) Cortical bone fors on the edges of the shaft
3) The cartilage is calcified and a nutrient artery penetrates the cartilage generating SPICULES, upon which cancellous bone will be laid.
4) The nutrient artery supplies osteogenic cells, forming the primary ossification centre.
5) Post natally cancellous bone is laid and the cartilage forms epiphyseal growth plates
6) Epiphyses developes secondary ossification centres and ossify
7) Growth plates continue to grow and the bone lengthens
8) In adults the grow plates are replaced by bone and hyaline cartilage which works as articular cartilage perists on the edges of the epiphyses.

20
Q

Describe the structure of bone using a femur as an example

A

ends=cortical bone, epiphysis enclosed by growth plates, as bone narrows there is the metaphysis
middle= cancellous bone, diaphysis

21
Q

Where are osteoprogenitor cells found?

A

endosteum

periosteum

22
Q

What is the function of osteoprogenitor cells?

A

To form osteoblasts

23
Q

What are the functions of osteoblasts?

A

To lay down new bone and matrix

Forms osteocytes

24
Q

What is the function of osteocytes?

A

Bone maintenance

25
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts?

A

Bone remodelling to build stronger bone

26
Q

What is the functional unit of compact bone?

A

Osteon

27
Q

Describe the structure of compact bone

A

Haversian cannal in the centre of osteons
Osteon surrounded layers of bone and osteocytes
Volkmann’s cannal connects Haversian cannals

28
Q

What is osteoartheritis?

A

An (age related) degeneration of the articular cartilage causing a mechanical failure and bones to rub against each other as the joint space is narrowed

29
Q

What is rheumatoid arteritis?

A

An autoimmune disease cauing inflammation to the synovial membrane, causing bone and cartilage damage

Body Logistics (15 decks)

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