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Anatomy > 6: Axilla and breast > Flashcards

6: Axilla and breast Flashcards

1
Q

Function of cervico-axillary canal

A

Allows nerves and blood vessels to pass between neck and upper limb

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2
Q

What are the boundaries of the axilla

A

Apex, medial wall, lateral wall

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3
Q

Location of apex of axilla

A

Between clavicle, scapula and lateral border of first rib

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4
Q

What does medial wall of axilla consist of

A

Ribs 1-4, intercostal muscles, slips serratus anterior

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5
Q

What does lateral wall of axilla consist of

A

Intertubercular sulcus of humerus, anterior axillary fold, anterior axillary fold

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6
Q

Muscles of anterior axillary fold

A

Pectoralis major, minor and subclavius

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7
Q

Muscles of posterior axillary fold

A

Subscapularis, teres major, latissimus dorsi

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8
Q

Contents of axilla

A

Axillary artery and its 6 branches
Axillary vein and its tributaries
Brachial plexus
Lateral branches of intercostal nerves
Lymph nodes

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9
Q

Polymastia

A

Additional breasts

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10
Q

Polythelia

A

Additional nipples

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11
Q

Position of breast

A

Anterior thoracic wall
Overlies ribs 2-6 along midclavicular line
Overlies pectoral muscles and serratus anterior
Extends from lateral border of sternum to mid axillary line

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12
Q

Portion of breast extending into axillary fossa

A

Axillary Process/ Tail of Spence

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13
Q

Space that separates breast and pectoral muscles

A

Retromammary space

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14
Q

Innervation of breast

A

Anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves 2-6 pass through deep pectoral fascia to reach the breast and carry sensory and sympathetic fibres

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15
Q

Function of sensory fibers

A

Carry sensory signals back to spinal cord and brain

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16
Q

Function of sympathetic fibers

A

Carry signals from brain and spinal cord to control blood vessels and smooth muscles

17
Q

Arterial supply to breast superiorly

A

Branches of the thoracoacromial artery (second part of axillary artery )

18
Q

Arterial supply to breast inferolaterally

A

Branches of the intercostal artery
(part of descending aorta)

19
Q

Arterial supply to breast medially

A

Branches of the internal thoracic artery
(part of subclavian artery)

20
Q

Arterial supply to breast laterally

A

Branches of the lateral thoracic artery
(part of axillary artery)

21
Q

Breast changes during lactation

A

1)prolactin is released from anterior pituitary gland
2) alveoli within mammary lobules produce milk
3) milk travels via lactiferous ducts to lactiferous sinus for storage
4) feeding harvests milk stored in the lactiferous sinuses

22
Q

What are the axillary lymph nodes (3)

A

Pectoral nodes, subscapular nodes, humeral nodes

23
Q

What does the pectoral nodes drain

A

Superior 1/2 of anterior thorax

24
Q

What does the subscapular nodes drain

A

Medial wall, posterior fold and axillary process of the breast

25
Q

What does the humeral nodes drain

A

Majority of the upper limb

26
Q

What do the central nodes drain

A

Pectoral nodes, subscapular nodes, humeral nodes AKA axillary nodes

27
Q

What do the apical nodes drain

A

Central nodes

28
Q

~75% drains to the…..

A

Axillary lymph nodes

29
Q

~25% drains medially to the….

A

Parasternal lymph nodes

30
Q

Small amount drains to…..

A

Deep cervical and supraclavicular or lymph abdominal nodes

31
Q

How is breast cancer diagnosed

A

1) clinical history and examination
2) imaging
3) biopsy

32
Q

Lumpectomy

A

Removal of suspicious lump

33
Q

Mastectomy

A

Removal of breast

34
Q

Axillary clearance

A

Removal of lymph nodes from axilla to prevent lymphogenous spread of cancer

35
Q

Potential consequences of axillary clearance (2)

A

Lymphoedema of upper limb
Long thoracic nerve involvement (winging of scapula)

36
Q

It patients have a genetic suspectibility to breast cancer they may get a

A

Prophylactic mastectomy

37
Q

Gene mutations that may cause breast cancer

A

BRCA1 and BRCA2

38
Q

Peau d’Orange symptoms

A

Lymphoedema within breast -increases size
Tightening of cooper’s ligaments - dimpling at attachment site

39
Q

Consequences of p’eau d’Orange

A

Mastitis + inflammatory breast cancer

Anatomy (17 decks)

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