6 Flashcards
1
Q
- Bob, Al, Sally, and Jane all study a list of nonsense syllables for 30 minutes. Afterwards, Bob takes a nap, Al goes to a movie, Sally studies arithmetic, and Jane goes grocery shopping. Based on your familiarity with the research on memory, you would predict that, when Bob, Al, Sally, and Jane are asked to recall the list of syllables, ________ will recall the most syllables?
A
Bob
2
Q
- Metcalfe and Mischel (1999) use a “hot/cool” system to explain which of the following?
A
delay of gratification
3
Q
Which of the following isleastlikely to be an initial symptom of multiple sclerosis?
A
impaired memory and attention
4
Q
Research conducted in a number of countries has confirmed that, when men are shown pictures of women of various shapes and sizes, they tend to prefer women whose waist circumference is about ___ percent of their hip circumference.
A
70
5
Q
_________ is most often used to initially diagnose a cerebral contusion because it is usually available in medical settings, is cost effective, and can be performed quickly.
A
CT
6
Q
- Research on the development of depth perception in infants has shown that sensitivity to depth cues emerges in which of the following sequences (from first to last)?
A
kinetic, binocular, pictorial
7
Q
Chomsky’s position on language acquisition is best described as:
A
nativist.
8
Q
When using the multitrait-multimethod matrix:
A
the same examinees are tested on multiple (same and different) traits using multiple measures and their scores on the measures are correlated
9
Q
Which of the following is true about sleep terrors and sleepwalking?
A
Both are usually followed by amnesia for the event.
10
Q
The theory of social facilitation predicts that:
A
the mere presence of others increases the likelihood that the dominant response will be activated.
11
Q
During the first session with an American Indian family consisting of a grandmother, mother, father, and three children, an Anglo American therapist would be best advised to:
A
assess each family member’s level of acculturation before developing a treatment plan.
12
Q
Although it is necessary to avoid stereotypes when providing services to members of ethnic and racial minority groups, some generalizations are often made. For example, when working with Hispanic and Hispanic American clients, it is important to keep in mind all of the following except:
A
family therapy is often contraindicated because of the hierarchical nature of the Hispanic family.
13
Q
- A person with seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is most likely to exhibit which of the following symptoms?
A
overeating and weight gain
14
Q
The reviewer for a managed health care organization decides that additional services for one of your clients are not medically necessary. You strongly disagree with her decision because you believe your client’s condition is likely to worsen without additional therapy sessions. The client cannot afford to pay for therapy sessions himself. To act ethically and to minimize your legal liability in this situation, you should:
A
file an appeal with the managed health care organization.
15
Q
According to Hans Selye, the body’s reaction to sustained stress can be described in terms of three phases: These phases, in order, are:
A
alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
16
Q
Random selection of the sample from the target population is an assumption of:
A
both parametric and nonparametric statistical tests.
17
Q
- According to Troiden (1988), homosexual identity development involves which of the following stages?
A
feeling different, confusion, assumption, integration
18
Q
- When using a ___________________, the rater is provided with a list of behavioral examples and asked to indicate whether the ratee’s performance is equal to, worse than, or better than the performance described in each example.
A
mixed standard scale
19
Q
- A patient taking the neuroleptic clozapine exhibits several symptoms including tachycardia, muscle rigidity, hyperthermia, altered consciousness, and autonomic dysfunction. The best action in this case would be to:
A
immediately stop the drug and administer fluids and electrolytes.
20
Q
- The ApoE4 gene on chromosome 19 has been linked to an increased risk for:
A
Alzheimer’s disease.
21
Q
- A company decides to have several employees work together as a team to complete a project. According to social loafing theory, individual productivity in this case will be lowest in which of the following situations?
A
large group and total group productivity measured
22
Q
- A child with dyslexia who has not responded to interventions that target his reading problems would receive a DSM-5 diagnosis of:
A
Specific Learning Disorder with impairment in reading.
23
Q
Dr. Callow is a licensed psychologist who has recently been hired by a mental health clinic. Several of his new patients are members of a culturally diverse group that he has not worked with before. His training, however, is appropriate for the services he will provide. As an ethical psychologist, Dr. Callow should:
A
obtain consultation from a therapist who does have experience with members of this group.
24
Q
Research on primacy and recency effects has shown that:
A
memory for the first item in a list increases while memory for the last item decreases as the delay between study and recall increases.
25
185. Which of the following brain structures is responsible for interhemispheric communication?
corpus callosum
26
The APA's Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct:
clearly prohibits a psychologist from having sexual relationships with a student or supervisee when he/she is in a position of authority over that person.
27
A measure of test anxiety is administered to a sample of 50 psychologists who are studying for the licensing exam, and a split-half reliability coefficient of .80 is calculated from their scores. The test is then administered to another group of 50 psychologists who are more heterogeneous with regard to level of test anxiety. The split-half reliability coefficient for the second group is most likely to be:
larger than .80.
28
Worse than chance responding on a forced-choice recognition memory test is used to support a diagnosis of:
Malingering.
29
181. When taking the Stroop test, an examinee may have trouble correctly naming the color of ink that a word is printed in because:
the word names a color that differs from the color of the ink.
30
For Bowlby, an "internal working model" derives from:
early interpersonal interaction patterns.
31
Following a stroke, a 71-year-old woman exhibits loss of vision in her right visual field. Most likely, this impairment is the result of damage to the:
visual cortex in her left hemisphere.
32
A researcher would use stepwise multiple regression when she wants to:
identify the fewest number of predictors needed to account for criterion variability.
33
104. All other things being equal, which of the following types of tests would be expected to have the lowest reliability?
true-false
34
105. When aversive counterconditioning is being used to eliminate a fetish, the fetish object is the:
conditioned stimulus.
35
For Yalom (1985), in group therapy,__________ is the analogue of the client-psychotherapist relationship in individual therapy and is a key factor in therapy outcome.
Cohesiveness
36
In children, Generalized Anxiety Disorder:
is often manifested as excessive concern about performance or competence at school.
37
109. Dr. E. Dict has been seeing Jay Bird, a prisoner at the local jail, in therapy for the past five months. The parole board contacts Dr. Dict to request that he evaluate Bird for an upcoming parole hearing. Dr. Dict should:
refuse to evaluate Bird for the parole hearing.
38
At the end of her first therapy session, a middle-aged woman tells you she is presently receiving treatment from a psychiatrist. You, as an ethical psychologist, should:
discuss the issues related to the woman's relationship with the psychiatrist during your next session with her.
39
166. As described in the DSM-5, _______________ is the likely diagnosis for an adult client who has experienced a depressed mood, a poor appetite, and impaired concentration for most of the day on most days for over two years.
Persistent Depressive Disorder
40
A mother complains that she is afraid to let her 8-month old child out of his crib because, when he is allowed to crawl, he eats dirt and bugs off the floor even if he has just completed a normal meal. The child's symptoms are suggestive of the which of the following DSM diagnoses?
Pica
41
Cataplexy is:
a sudden loss of muscle tone that can produce muscle weakness, loss of voluntary muscle control, or postural collapse.
42
Although the nature-nurture controversy has not been resolved, many theorists now view development as involving both factors. More specifically, theorists who take a middle ground with regard to this issue:
believe that genetic potentials (nature) cannot be realized unless the appropriate environmental experiences (nurture) occur.
43
Sue and Sue (1990) describe the worldview of counselors and their clients in terms of two dimensions - locus of control and locus of responsibility - and propose that members of minority groups are becoming increasingly more likely to exhibit which of the following worldviews?
internal locus of control/external locus of responsibility
44
160. Of the following, the best predictor of suicide is generally considered to be:
prior suicide attempt(s).
45
A distinguishing feature of the Montessori method is its:
assumption that all learning stems from sense perception.
46
Research suggests that the underutilization of mental health services by Asian Americans results from:
cultural values that encourage resolution of problems within the family.
47
172. The symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS):
are largely irreversible and include physical, behavioral, and cognitive impairments.
48
When partial seizures originate in the temporal lobe, symptoms are most likely to include:
a sense of déjà vu
49
The effects of teratogens on the developing organism vary with the type of teratogen and the organ system. However, in general, these agents are most likely to cause severe structural damage:
during the first eight weeks of development.
50
158. Dr. R. E. Medy compares the effectiveness of three different treatments for Generalized Anxiety Disorder by randomly assigning individuals who have received this diagnosis to one of the three treatments and then measuring their symptoms before treatment and one week, one month, and six months following treatment. The research design used by Dr. Medy is an example of which of the following?
Mixed
51
You are working as a school psychologist. A teacher asks you to evaluate one of her students. After talking with the teacher and the student, you begin to suspect that the teacher is the one with the problem. As an ethical psychologist, you would:
talk to the teacher about your suspicions.
52
202. Biologically-based phobias are to socially-based phobias as:
unconditioned stimuli are to conditioned stimuli.
53
Bronfenbrenner's (2004) ecological model describes the ________ as consisting of cultural values, beliefs, and customs.
Macrosystem
54
180. Research on high expressed emotion has linked it to a ___________ for several psychiatric disorders including Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, and Eating Disorders
high risk for relapse
55
During your first session with Mr. and Mrs. Desvelo, Mr. Desvelo says his wife has insisted that he get "some help" with his sleep problems. Mrs. Desvelo states that she's awakened by his frightening screams at least once a week, usually a few hours after they go to sleep, and that this is having a negative effect on her mood and their relationship. Mr. Desvelo has no history of trauma or substance abuse, and he says he recently had a physical and his health is good. In response to your questions, Mrs. Desvelo tells you that her husband sometimes wakes up when he screams and seems agitated but usually goes right back to sleep and doesn't respond to her attempts to calm him; and Mr. Desvelo says that, in the morning, he has no memory of the episode and usually can't recall having had any dreams. Mr. Desvelo's symptoms are most suggestive of which of the following DSM-5 diagnoses?
Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Arousal Disorder
56
Recent research investigating treatments for Generalized Anxiety Disorder suggests that the most effective intervention is:
cognitive-behavioral therapy.
57
190. The primary goal of a "realistic job preview" is to:
reduce turnover.
58
Epidemiological studies on rates of various mental disorders in urban and rural areas in the United States have found that:
some disorders are more common in rural or in urban areas, but the differences in rates are usually not statistically significant.
59
For a DSM-5 diagnosis of Binge-Eating Disorder, an individual must have engaged in binge-eating, on average:
once a week for at least three months.
60
When asked to name as many different animals as possible, a patient with traumatic brain injury says, "Oh, you've got your big dogs and your little dogs, and then there's black dogs, and white dogs, and brown dogs, and I had a black and white dog once and he was really nice." The patient's response represents perseveration, which is associated with damage to which of the following?
frontal lobe
61
Research on equity theory suggests that:
underpayment and overpayment should both be avoided.
62
121. Dr. Street, a clinical psychologist, has been treating Bob B. for about five months. Bob originally came to therapy to resolve the depression he had been experiencing since his divorce and, in the past few weeks, Dr. Street has noticed a marked improvement in Bob's symptoms. During one session, Bob says that, for some time, he has been having trouble going anywhere that requires him to use an elevator since being confined in small spaces with other people makes him very anxious. He says he has had this problem for some time, but that it seems to have gotten worse recently. Dr. Street has not had much experience in treating phobic reactions and therefore decides to refer Bob to a behavioral therapist. However, even though Bob has started behavioral therapy with another therapist, Dr. Street continues to see Bob in order to continue working on Bob's depression. In terms of ethical practices, this arrangement is:
ethical as long as the therapists cooperate with one another during the course of Bob's treatment.
63
114. The Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ) is useful for:
conducting a job analysis.
64
125. An African American client feels that the primary obstacle in his life is racism and that there's nothing he can do to change the problems he is experiencing. As defined by Sue (1978), this individual has an:
external locus of control and external locus of responsibility.
65
Expressive aphasia is to Broca's area as ____________ aphasia is to Wernicke's area.
Impressive
66
165. George Kelly is associated with which of the following?
Personal Construct Therapy
67
The ___ scale of the MMPI-2 consists of 64 items that were answered in the deviant (scored) direction by less than 10% of the standardization sample. A high score on this scale suggests carelessness in responding, malingering, or an attempt to look bad.
F
68
The 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health found that the largest percentage of respondents ages 12 through 17 used which of the following during the past month?
Alcohol
69
A former therapy client calls you and expresses an interest in becoming friends. The former client suggests that you meet at a local restaurant for lunch. You remember that the client shared many of your interests, and that, at the time of therapy, you were aware that he/she was someone you would like to know better. As an ethical psychologist, you:
do not meet the client for lunch and explain why a friendship would not be in the client's best interests.
70
Which of the following types of scores compares an examinee's scores on several scales to his/her own performance or preferences?
Ipsative
71
Transformational leaders:
seek to empower their followers.
72
Research by Sue and his colleagues (1991) found that matching therapist and client in terms of race/ethnicity:
improves treatment outcomes and reduces premature termination for members of some groups but not for others.
73
In the Seattle Longitudinal Study, K. W. Schaie (1996) used which of the following research designs to investigate the relationship between age and intelligence?
cross-sequential
74
122. On the MMPI-2, an attempt to "fake good" is suggested by which of the following?
low F scale score with elevated L and K scale scores.
75
153. Curriculum-based measurement is most useful for:
regularly monitoring a student's progress to obtain the information needed to make instructional decisions.
76
184. According to Tiedeman and O'Hara (1963), career development involves two phases - anticipation and preoccupation - which each consist of several stages. During these stages, the individual:
attempts to achieve a balance between integration and differentiation.
77
The coefficient of stability is useful for:
assessing the reliability of a test that is administered on two different occasions to the same group of examinees.
78
169. Of the following, which is most true about adolescents who have a history of repeated suicide attempts?
The real purpose of their suicide attempts is often to exert power in situations in which they feel powerless.
79
During Piaget's heteronomous stage, children's moral judgments are based on:
the seriousness of the consequences of the act.
80
138. One area of interest to industrial psychologists is the effects of rest breaks on productivity. For example, Bhatia and Murrell (1969) evaluated daily output figures after the introduction of rest breaks that reduced the total work time from eight to seven hours per day. Generally speaking, studies like the one conducted by Bhatia and Murrell have indicated that the introduction of rest breaks results in:
a rise in daily output despite the fact that employees actually spend less time on the job.
81
Studies investigating self-recognition in young children have found that by _______ months of age, over 60% of infants recognize their own image in a mirror.
21
82
When using Atkinson, Morten, and Sue's (1993) Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model, a person's stage of identity development is determined by:
assessing his/her attitudes toward the minority and majority cultures.
83
From the perspective of operant conditioning, which of the following techniques is most useful for combining component responses into a particular sequence?
Chaining
84
130. For some patients with type 2 diabetes, acute hyperglycemia can produce:
substantial mood and cognitive changes.
85
When Rosenhan's (1973) "pseudopatients" were admitted to a mental hospital:
they were more often recognized as being "normal" by other patients than by staff members.
86
Dr. Bernard is designing a longitudinal study on drug use in high schools. Since the study is longitudinal, it will be necessary to maintain records containing participants' identities. A colleague of Dr. Bernard's reminds him of a similar situation in which the investigator was subpoenaed to appear in court to testify against a participant who had been involved in illegal activities. The investigator refused to testify in order to maintain the participant's confidentiality and was imprisoned. What should Dr. Bernard do in order to avoid a similar dilemma:
warn participants prior to participation in the study about the possibility of a breach of confidentiality and obtain informed consents.
87
Research on the use of hypnosis to recover repressed memories suggests that:
memories recalled under hypnosis are less reliable than other memories and may be more susceptible to distortion.
88
Gregory Herek (1992) attributes violence against gays and lesbians to cultural and psychological:
heterosexism.
89
Research investigating the impact of parenting style on the academic achievement of children and adolescents suggests that the effects are:
modified by the family's ethnicity/culture.
90
The best way to keep two sets of six digits in working memory is to:
convert the 12 digits to "chunks."
91
124. A low selection ratio and a moderate base rate are useful for:
maximizing incremental validity.
92
If you believe that, during a full moon, people tend to act "crazier," you will be likely to notice incidents of bizarre behavior during a full moon and ignore similar incidents when the moon is not full. This tendency is referred to as the:
confirmation bias.
93
123. Hostile masculinity and promiscuous-impersonal sex are central concepts in:
Malamuth's confluence theory.
94
Which of the following is true about the difference between Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?
The diagnosis of OCD (but not Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder) requires the presence of obsessions and/or compulsions.
95
The brother of a former client of yours calls you requesting that you release the client's therapy records to him. The client died several months prior to this request. As an ethical psychologist, you:
release the records only after obtaining a waiver from the executor or administrator of the client's estate.
96
155. The Americans with Disabilities Act:
permits drug testing before or after a job offer has been made.
97
173. With regard to the termination of professional services, the Ethics Code requires psychologists to:
provide pretermination counseling and suggest alternative services.
98
131. For the treatment of hypertension, biofeedback:
is about equally as effective as relaxation training or self-monitoring of blood pressure.
99
In his theory of career development, Donald Super uses which of the following to pictorially depict the various roles that a person participates in during the course of his/her life?
Rainbow
100
170. A clinical psychologist routinely administers personality tests to her clients to assist in diagnosis. She also uses the test data in her ongoing research project. This is:
unethical unless she gets each client's consent to participate in the research study.
101
149. Major Neurocognitive Disorder due to HIV infection has been linked to abnormalities in which of the following structures of the brain?
putamen and ventral striatum
102
Recent research suggests that, in terms of predicting job performance, "g" (general cognitive ability):
is predictive of performance across a wide variety of jobs.
103
126. Helms's (1995) White Racial Identity Development Model distinguishes between six statuses, with each status being associated with a different information processing strategy. For example, the "flexibility and complexity" strategy is characteristic of the __________ status.
Autonomy
104
152. Nonsexist therapy, in comparison to feminist therapy, places greater emphasis on:
modification of personal behavior.
105
108. An MRI of a patient with Huntington's disease is most likely to show atrophy in which brain structure?
Caudate nucleus?
106
During the first session with a new client, a solution-focused therapist will:
help the client identify and describe therapy goals in concrete, positive terms.
107
Creating an acronym involves:
forming a word or pronounceable sequence of letters from the first letter of the words included in a list of words.
108
135. In the development of a job performance measure, the "ultimate" criterion is:
a measure of performance that is theoretical and cannot actually be measured.
109
129. From the perspective of Tuckman and Jensen's (1977) model of group formation, an emphasis on socializing and developing close relationships is characteristic of the __________ stage.
norming
110
110. In classical conditioning, ________ occurs when human or animals subjects are unable to form an association between a new neutral stimulus and a unconditioned stimulus because the new neutral stimulus provides redundant information (i.e. it provides the same information as the original conditioned stimulus).
Blocking
111
A research psychologist designs a study that involves hospitalized psychiatric patients who have legal guardians. Before beginning the study, he obtains signed consents from the legal guardians. The psychologist has acted:
ethically as long as he has also obtained assent from the patients.
112
The Wide-Range Achievement Test is:
a brief achievement test that measures reading comprehension, spelling, and arithmetic computation.
113
136. Central achromatopsia is caused by bilateral lesions in the occipitotemporal region of the brain and is characterized by an inability to:
distinguish between different hues.
114
103. A parent is concerned about her 6-year old son's thumb sucking. After reading several articles on behavioral techniques for eliminating self-reinforcing behaviors, she decides to spend an hour a day with her son using a strategy recommended in one of the articles. It involves setting a timer for 5 minutes and, during a one-hour period, giving her son a quarter for each 5-minute period that he does not suck his thumb but instead plays with the toys she has made available for him. The mother is using which of the following strategies?
differential reinforcement
115
132. Sherif et al.'s (1961) "Robber's Cave" study is considered important because of the information it provided on:
competition and cooperation.
116
120. A new client of yours, who is homosexual, tells you that he overheard his previous therapist make derogatory remarks about his sexual orientation to a co-worker. Your best course of action would be to:
discuss his option of filing a complaint against the psychologist with the Ethics Committee.
117
107. Based on her study of preschoolers and their parents, Diana Baumrind (1967, 1971) concluded that children of __________ parents tend to be aggressive, mistrusting, dependent, and "conflicted-irritable."
Authoritarian
118
137. Your new client, a college freshman, says she sometimes has an "out of body" experience in which she is watching what she is doing from outside herself. She describes a recent experience in which she was in her dorm room writing a paper when she realized she couldn't feel her fingers on the computer keyboard or her feet on the floor and then suddenly felt like she was watching herself from the ceiling. The client says that these episodes make her feel like she's "going crazy" and are interfering with her ability to attend class and complete course assignments. The client's symptoms are most suggestive of a DSM-5 diagnosis of:
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
119
143. Rutter (1979) identified several high-risk factors ("Rutter's indicators") for the development of psychopathology in children. These factors include:
parental marital discord, large family size, and paternal criminality.
120
When using protocol analysis to assess problem-solving in adolescents, a psychologist will ask each adolescent to:
"think aloud" while solving a problem.
121
178. Hemiplegia affecting the right side of the body suggests damage to the:
motor cortex in the left hemisphere.
122
The unavailability of preventive health services in minority communities, a lack of quality health care in close proximity to these communities, and the delivery of substandard health care services to members of these communities is best attributed to which of the following?
Institutional racism
123
Latent class analysis (LCA) is most similar to which of the following techniques?
latent trait analysis
124
Assuming that the following scores are all from the same normal distribution of scores, which of the following lists the scores in order from lowest to highest?
z-score of +.75, percentile rank of 84, T-score of 65
125
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, emergence of the ability to create mental representations of reality occurs between the ages of:
18 to 24 months.
126
176. Behavioral assessment is distinguished from traditional assessment in several ways. Which of the following does NOT accurately describe a characteristic associated with behavioral assessment?
It views outward behaviors as signs of an individual's underlying needs, conflicts, and other characteristics.
127
Dr. A., a psychologist, provides office space and secretarial services to Dr. B., a newly-licensed psychologist, in exchange for 25% of the fee that Dr. B. collects from his clients. Dr. A. begins referring clients to Dr. B. and charges him 35% for the referred clients. This is:
ethical only if the larger fee for referred clients reflects increased costs to Dr. A. for making referrals to Dr. B.
128
156. Which of the following techniques would be most useful for investigating a person's cognitive processes while working on a complex task?
protocol analysis
129
A 48-year-old woman is admitted to the emergency room of a hospital, complaining of chest pain and shortness of breath. While being interviewed, she is very restless and often gets up to pace back and forth. She says she has had similar "attacks" in the past, but that this one is the worst. She also states that the attacks sometimes occur when she's concerned about getting bad news; but, most of the time, they don't seem to be related to anything and they make her feel like she's "going to die." Assuming that there is no medical explanation for the woman's symptoms, the most likely DSM-5 diagnosis is which of the following?
Panic Disorder
130
Which of the following lists the correct order of the stages of grief as described by Elizabeth Kubler-Ross (1969)?
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
131
To assess the relationship between the linear combinations of two or more X variables and two or more Y variables, you would use which of the following?
canonical correlation
132
A Wechsler IQ score is a(n):
standard score.
133
117. A teenage girl who has a scar on her forehead feels like people are always looking at her and talking about her scar. This is an example of which of the following?
imaginary audience
134
Which of the following would be least likely to increase the power of a statistical test?
changing the level of significance (alpha) from .05 to .01
135
102. Hollander's (1960) concept of "idiosyncrasy credits" is useful for understanding why:
a group member is allowed to deviate from group norms without receiving disapproval from other group members.
136
141. One criticism of BARS is that:
it requires raters to indicate the kinds of behaviors they would expect of ratees rather than the behaviors that they have actually observed
137
Egan and Perry's (2001) multidimensional model of gender identity consists of five components - membership knowledge, gender typicality, gender contentedness, felt pressure, and:
intergroup bias.
138
171. According to the "80% rule," adverse impact would be said to be occurring when:
for every 50 Whites that apply, 6 are hired, and for every 50 African-Americans that apply, 3 are hired.
139
106. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) has been found to have a high comorbidity rates and, according to the results of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, the most common co-diagnosis is:
Social Phobia.
140
Manuel is a 21-year old college student who moved to the United States from Mexico with his family when he was four years old. Manuel has many Anglo friends at school and usually dates Anglo women, but, at home, he speaks Spanish and participates in the cultural traditions practiced by his family. When asked about his ethnic identity, Manuel says, "I'm American and Hispanic, but I guess I consider myself mostly Hispanic." Manuel is best described as:
bicultural.
141
161. A student receives a T score of 64 on a problem-solving test, a T score of 45 on a verbal reasoning test, and a T score of 32 on a test of quantitative reasoning. Each test's standard error of measurement is equal to 3. Based on this information, you can conclude that:
the student scored above the mean on the problem-solving test.
142
In a study on group decision-making, it is found that the average group response is much more extreme, but in the same direction, as the average response given by group members before participating in the group. This phenomenon is referred to as:
group polarization.
143
A licensed psychologist who is working in an isolated rural community finds that some of his clients have problems that are beyond his training and expertise. The psychologist should:
obtain appropriate consultation by phone.
144
191. A distribution of test scores is normally shaped and has a mean of 100 and standard error of measurement of 5. For an examinee who obtains a score of 103 on the test, the 68% confidence interval is:
98 to 108.
145
134. A research participant is given a list of unrelated words to remember. The list is taken away and the participant is engaged in a distracting task for 10 seconds before she is asked to recall the words in any order. The participant's recall will be best for:
words that were in the beginning of the list.
146
With regard to language acquisition, a child's use of his/her knowledge of the meaning of words to make inferences about their grammatical type or structure is referred to as:
semantic bootstrapping.
147
146. Your new client says that she has great difficulty letting go of things to the point that her apartment has become dangerous because of the clutter and that her husband is threatening to leave her if she doesn't clean up her mess. The woman states that she's always been a "collector" but that it "got out of control" after her son died two years ago. When determining whether to assign a diagnosis of Hoarding Disorder or Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) to the client, you should keep in mind that:
Individuals with OCD who hoard in response to an obsession or compulsion are distressed by their hoarding behaviors, while those with Hoarding Disorder experience distress when they discard hoarded items.
148
When treating a couple in which the husband has physically abused his wife and it has been clearly determined that the abuse can be classified as instrumental (vs. expressive), the best initial approach is:
to ensure that the husband and wife are physically separated and to provide them with separate therapy.
149
189. The most common side effects of the benzodiazepines are:
drowsiness, dizziness, and sedation.
150
167. Jerome Kagan has related the basic temperament quality of inhibition (degree of approach or withdrawal in new situations) to which of the following?
CNS reactivity
151
An African American therapy client exhibiting the "split-self syndrome" as a response to racial oppression will most likely:
evaluate himself against White standards.
152
154. The fee for a 23-year-old woman suffering from depression is being paid by her parents. In terms of confidentiality, in this situation:
the therapist should, at the onset of treatment, establish a policy about confidentiality jointly with the daughter and her parents.
153
You are beginning a therapy group for individuals dealing with mid-life issues. From your experiences with new groups, you know that, during the beginning stages of group therapy:
group members will talk through the therapist and seemingly ignore one another.
154
When using the DSM-5, level of severity of Intellectual Disability is based on:
The individual's adaptive functioning in conceptual, social, and practical domains.
155
111. Individuals who receive a diagnosis of which of the following Personality Disorders are most likely to no longer meet all of the diagnostic criteria for the disorder when they reach middle age?
Antisocial Personality Disorder
156
Which of the following would NOT be useful for determining whether it is more appropriate to use a parametric or a nonparametric statistical test to analyze the data you collect in a research study?
knowing that the subjects have not been randomly selected from the population
157
As defined in the EEOC Uniform Guidelines, "unfairness" is a problem when:
different groups obtain consistently different scores on the predictor but similar scores on the criterion.
158
In a study examining affiliation, experimental subjects (introductory psychology students) are told that they will be receiving a series of electric shocks. Subjects are then given the opportunity to either wait alone, wait with other students who will be participating in the same experiment, or wait with other students who are merely waiting to see their faculty advisors. Results of the study will most likely confirm the hypothesis that:
misery loves miserable company.
159
A researcher compares the effectiveness of two different relaxation techniques for relieving test anxiety by randomly assigning 30 students who have high levels of anxiety to one of the treatments so that each group includes 15 students. If the researcher uses the t-test for independent (unrelated) samples to analyze the data she obtains, the degrees of freedom will be:
28
160
Longitudinal research by Tizard and colleagues (e.g., Hodges and Tizard, 1989) indicates that infants initially raised in institutions are subsequently able to develop a close bond with their adoptive parents:
even if they are not adopted until 4 to 6 years of age.
161
A psychologist who views learning as the result of operant conditioning would likely attribute the acquisition of complex behaviors to which of the following?
Chaining
162
Research on goal-setting theory has identified several factors that influence a worker's commitment to difficult goals. For example, research investigating the impact of a worker's need for achievement has found that:
commitment to difficult goals is higher for self-set goals than for assigned goals only for those who are high in need for achievement.
163
Dr. Looby receives a letter from the Ethics Committee stating that the Committee has received a complaint from a current client who is concerned about Dr. Looby's office staff and procedures. The client has found two members of the staff to be consistently rude, and they have made comments to her that imply they have access to confidential information. Dr. Looby should:
Respond to the Committee in writing.
164
According to the physiologist MacLean (1949), evolution of the __________ coincided with the development of emotional responses.
limbic system
165
The DSM-5 requires that which of the following be ruled out as the cause of an individual's symptoms before assigning a diagnosis of a sexual dysfunction?
a nonsexual mental disorder, severe relationship distress, and the effects of a substance, medication, or other medical condition
166
142. A person with transcortical aphasia will:
have significant difficulties in both producing and comprehending speech.
167
A test has a test-retest reliability coefficient of .70. This means that:
70% of variability in test scores is true score variability.
168
164. A company decides to change the way it pays its sales force by moving away from uncertain commissions to a more predictable salary. According to Maslow's need hierarchy theory, this change will have the greatest impact on employees whose most prepotent need is which of the following?
Safety
169
179. The notion that there are three major life tasks - friendship, occupation, and love - is MOST consistent with the philosophy of:
Adler.
170
A diagnosis of Persistent Depressive Disorder requires the presence of a depressed mood on most days for at least ________ for adults and at least ________ for children and adolescents.
two years; one year
171
177. The APA's (2007) Record Keeping Guidelines recommends that, in the absence of superseding laws or regulations, psychologists should retain:
the full record of an adult client until seven years after termination of therapy.
172
As defined by the ___________, action potentials are always the same in terms of magnitude regardless of the magnitude of the stimulation.
all-or-none principle
173
In a research study, participants are divided into two groups. Members of the first group are first given a list of three-letter nonsense syllables to remember, are then given a new list of three-letter nonsense syllables to remember, and are subsequently asked to recall the first list. Members of the second group are given the same initial list of syllables but, instead of being given the second list, are asked to count backwards by threes (377, 374, 371, etc.) before being asked to recall the list of words. Apparently, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of:
retroactive interference.
174
162. A therapist who believes the therapeutic change process should focus on altering the client's environment is adopting which of the following approaches?
Alloplastic
175
Research on the impact of cultural identification on substance abuse among Native American youth has found that the risk for abuse is:
lowest for those who can adapt to both Native American and non-Native American cultures.
176
118. Advocates for prayer in school hope to persuade other members of the community to support their position. According to social judgment theory, other community members are most likely to be convinced if the discrepancy between their initial position on this issue and the position of the advocates of school prayer:
is moderate.
177
A practitioner of Minuchin's structural family therapy uses which of the following to alter the hierarchical relationships within a family system or subsystem?
Unbalancing
178
On a measure that assesses the "Big Five" personality factors, a high score on neuroticism, a low score on agreeableness, and a low score on conscientiousness are most likely to be obtained by a person with ____________ Personality Disorder.
Antisocial
179
195. During the first session with a client, you learn that he has a history of offenses that you find difficult to deal with and feel, therefore, that you would not like working with him. As an ethical psychologist you should:
refer the young man to another professional.
180
159. As originally described by Wolpe (1958), reciprocal inhibition involved replacing:
an anxiety response with a relaxation response.
181
Dr. Wilson has been treating a heterosexual couple for sexual problems for three weeks. His first intervention was to instruct the couple to use the squeeze technique. When this technique had beneficial results, he then instructed the couple to attempt intercourse using the female-superior position. Based on this information, you can conclude that:
the husband met the diagnostic criteria for Premature Ejaculation.
182
Which of the following suggests that a DSM-5 diagnosis of Anorexia Nervosa is more appropriate than a diagnosis of Bulimia Nervosa?
persistent restriction of energy intake
183
139. Scores on the Symbol Search, Coding, and Cancellation subtests are used to derive a score on which WAIS-IV Index?
Processing Speed
184
145. Freud (1984) introduced the concept of "defense" in his description of hysteria and attributed hysteria to which of the following defense mechanisms?
Repression
185
Abnormalities in which of the following areas of the brain have been linked to ADHD, OCD, and Tourette's Disorder?
basal ganglia
186
175. In females with ____________, part or all of one X chromosome is missing.
Turner syndrome
187
A father puts his son in his room every time the boy hits his sister. To increase the probability that the boy will stop hitting his sister, the father should:
give the child 50 cents each time he is nice to his sister.
188
Dr. Nillson, a behavioral psychologist, is teaching clinical psychology at a university. She does not use, nor can she tolerate the use of, psychodynamic principles and interventions in psychotherapy. She refuses to teach psychodynamic therapy in her classes and actually makes fun of it in front of her students during informal gatherings. Her behavior is:
unethical — she has an obligation to provide accurate and objective information about the topic she is teaching.
189
188. As the result of a traumatic head injury sustained in a motor vehicle accident, a middle-aged man has mild impairments in judgment, insight, and planning and reduced sexual interest. Damage to which of the following areas of the brain is most likely responsible for these deficits?
dorsolateral prefrontal region
190
163. The expression of some of our traits is restricted by our genetic make-up. In other words, for these traits, genotype restricts phenotype to a small number of outcomes. This is referred to as
canalization.
191
Which of the following approaches in family therapy encourages the therapist to develop a "therapeutic triangle" with family members?
extended family systems therapy
192
One of your current clients is a 31-year old man who was sexually abused as a child. During the fifth session, he tells you that he's been having fantasies about sexual contacts with children. He says he has not acted on these feelings but is concerned about them. You should:
attempt to determine the degree of risk that he will act on his fantasies.
193
A researcher investigating implicit memory will most likely use which of the following tasks?
word-stem completion
194
127. Albert Bandura's initial Bobo doll experiment found that:
boys and girls imitate an aggressive model even when there is no reinforcement for them or for the model for doing so.
195
Systematic desensitization was originally designed by Wolpe as an application of which of the following?
reciprocal inhibition
196
115. The multivariate technique known as "path analysis" is used to:
evaluate the viability of a causal model for a set of variables.
197
119. Research using brain imaging techniques has confirmed that repeated exposure to alcohol during prenatal development is most likely to negatively impact the:
basal ganglia, hippocampus, and frontal lobes.
198
A young girl volunteers to clean her room and do other chores around the house because she wants her mother's approval and affection. According to Kohlberg, this child is in which of the following stages of moral development?
Conventional
199
The intense "sleep attack" associated with Narcolepsy is often accompanied by:
Cataplexy
200
According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, middle-aged adults are in which stage of development?
generativity versus stagnation
201
After playing the role of a child abuser in a feature film, a well-known and formerly well-liked actor begins receiving a lot of "hate mail." The writers of these letters are exhibiting which of the following?
the fundamental attribution error
202
__________ is a cause of delirium and may result from kidney or liver failure or from diabetes mellitus, hypo- or hyperthyroidism, vitamin deficiency, electrolyte imbalance, severe dehydration, or a number of other conditions.
Metabolic encephalopathy
203
From the perspective of Gestalt therapy, an optimal "contact boundary" is semipermeable and coterminous with the actual self. Introjection is one type of boundary disturbance. It occurs when:
the contact boundary is located deep within the self.
204
In evaluating the criterion-related validity of a selection test, you discover that race/ethnicity is a moderator variable. Consequently, you will be interested in determining if the test has:
differential validity.
205
The goodness-of-fit model proposed by Thomas and Chess implies that:
adjustment in children is related to the degree of congruence between a child's basic temperament and his/her parents' caregiving.
206
113. If a psychologist is requested by a defense attorney to evaluate and testify about a defendant for the purpose of establishing the defense of insanity, the psychologist should:
evaluate the defendant and testify as requested but inform the defendant of the purpose of the evaluation and of the limits of confidentiality before doing so.
207
186. When a research study requires participants to be deceived about its real purpose prior to their participation, they:
should be debriefed about the true purpose of the study as soon as possible after their participation.
208
174. The majority of synapses in the human nervous system are ________ synapses.
Chemical
209
Research on attraction suggests that we are most likely to join a group when members are:
similar in terms of attitudes and ability.
210
182. Dr. Burgher is the only psychologist in a small town. His daughter's girl scout leader wants to begin seeing Dr. Burgher to work through some family-related problems. As an ethical psychologist, Dr. Burgher should:
assess the potential for exploitation and loss of objectivity and base his decision about seeing the woman on the outcome of that assessment
211
Opioid peptides that block the release of substance P and thereby reduce pain are referred to as:
endorphins.
212
133. A psychologist has just started seeing a third grader who has been exhibiting behavioral problems at school and home. The psychologist suspects that the child has dyslexia but has had no training in the evaluation of this disorder. The child's parents want the psychologist to conduct the evaluation because of the good rapport she has with the child. The psychologist should:
refer the child to a colleague who has experience in Learning Disorders for the evaluation.
213
When conducting a functional behavioral analysis, you are interested in:
conditions that control a behavior.
214
Probably the best way to memorize pairs of unrelated words is to:
create a visual image that links each word pair.
215
Dr. Bascom, a newly-licensed psychologist, has been hired by a community mental health center. Several months after beginning her job, Dr. Bascom starts treating a college student who experiences severe test anxiety. Although Dr. Bascom took a graduate course in behavior therapy and has had some clinical experience with behavioral techniques, she has never worked with anyone with test anxiety. As an ethical psychologist, Dr. Bascom should:
seek consultation from an experienced colleague and continue working with the client.
216
The effectiveness of clomipramine in alleviating symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and trichotillomania suggests that these disorders are due to:
a lower-than-normal level of serotonin.
217
Some research suggests that racial identity has a greater impact than race itself on the therapeutic process. For instance, studies on African American therapy clients suggest they are most likely to prefer an African American therapist when they are in which stage of identity development?
Immersion
218
A test developer is asked to develop a test to evaluate the effects of a training program on the sales success of inexperienced sales employees. When establishing the validity of the test, the test developer will probably be MOST interested in which of the following types of test validity?
criterion-related
219
According to the APA's Guidelines for Psychological Services to Ethnic, Linguistic, and Culturally Diverse Populations, when a client belonging to a different ethnic or cultural group comes to therapy, a therapist is best advised to:
recognize that ethnic and cultural forces can have an impact on both the therapist's and the client's psychological processes.
220
187. A woman who suffers from recurrent migraines should be advised to:
determine if certain foods precede her headaches.
221
Lewinsohn's (1974) behavioral model attributes depression to:
a low rate of response-contingent reinforcement.
222
A research study examined the relationship between television viewing habits and academic achievement test scores. The results showed that children who watched more television generally had lower test scores. The Pearson-product moment correlation coefficient was -.81. What is the proportion of variance of achievement test scores that is accounted for by television viewing?
0.66
223
150. The term "insanity" is:
a legal term.
224
As a method for detecting the consequences of a traumatic brain injury, a standard EEG (electroencephalogram) is most useful for evaluating which of the following?
seizure activity
225
116. The establishment of comparable worth depends on the use of:
a neutral job evaluation procedure.
