3 Flashcards
1
Q
A psychologist conducts a custody evaluation for a divorce proceeding. In terms of making a specific recommendation about custody, the psychologist should:
A
make a recommendation only if it is based on adequate psychological data and consideration of the best interests of the child
2
Q
To determine the degree of association between two continuous variables that have been artificially dichotomized, you would use which of the following correlation coefficients?
A
Tetrachoric
3
Q
The Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) is most useful as a:
A
screening device for Dementia in older adults
4
Q
According to Kohlberg, moral development is directly related to:
A
changes in cognitive skills and social perspective-taking
5
Q
When working with a “split-brain” patient, you would notice that he or she has the most difficulty with regard to which of the following?
A
sensory functions
6
Q
The clinical course of AIDS dementia complex (ADC) is described in the literature in terms of six stages. For example, a person with AIDS who has unequivocal evidence of functional, intellectual, or motor impairment but is able to perform all but the most demanding aspects of activities of daily living and can walk without assistance is in which of the following stages?
A
Stage 1 (mild)
7
Q
Erik Erikson coined the term:
A
adolescent identity crisis
8
Q
When using the Critical Incident Technique (CIT), a supervisor:
A
identifies an employee’s effective and ineffective job behaviors
9
Q
Sexual activity among older adults is most related to
A
sexual activity earlier in life.
10
Q
Global aphasia involves
A
impaired comprehension, nonfluent speech, and deficits in naming and repetition
11
Q
An “extinction burst” occurs when
A
reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior is removed
12
Q
“Consensual observer drift” tends to __________ the size of the inter-rater reliability coefficient
A
artificially inflate
13
Q
Which of the following is NOT true about Milgram’s obedience studies?
A
Milgram’s follow-up of “teachers” found that less than 15% said they were “glad to have participated in the study.”
14
Q
Freud and the object relations theorists share in common an emphasis on the role of _________________ in personality development
A
early childhood experience
15
Q
Studies investigating dissociation in children have found that:
A
maltreated children exhibit more dissociative symptoms than nonmaltreated children do and this difference is apparent during the preschool years
16
Q
Multiple regression analysis has several advantages over the analysis of variance including all of the following except:
A
it allows the researcher to estimate the effects of the independent variables on the dependent variable with the effects of measurement error removed
17
Q
A young man who hates his mother consistently lavishes her with praise and gifts. A Freudian would interpret this behavior as a manifestation of which of the following defense mechanisms?
A
reaction formation
18
Q
Which of the following best describes Kohlberg’s claim about the relationship between moral judgment and moral action?
A
The relationship between moral judgment and moral action is strongest at the higher stages of moral development
19
Q
You are hired by an attorney to evaluate a defendant in a murder case and testify about the results of your evaluation. The trial is a “high-profile” one and receives a great deal of publicity. When the trial is over, you are asked by a major publishing company to write a book about your experiences during the trial. As an ethical psychologist, you should
A
not write the book
20
Q
In the 1979 case ofLarry P. v. Riles, the judge ruled that IQ tests could no longer be used to
A
determine if African American children should be placed in special education classes.
21
Q
_______________ is the likely DSM diagnosis for a mother when her child’s persistent vomiting stops whenever the child is removed from the mother’s care for several days
A
Factitious Disorder
22
Q
A behaviorist would most likely argue that the use of spanking as a behavioral management technique is not effective because:
A
changes in behavior aren’t likely to persist over time
23
Q
Studies investigating the relationship between job performance and job satisfaction have most consistently found that:
A
correlations between job satisfaction and performance are positive, although coefficients are usually low
24
Q
According to John D. Krumboltz (1996), career development and career choice are related primarily to:
A
social learning
25
Penny Pallid is an Anglo American teacher and Cameron Chroma, her student, is African American. According to Helms's interaction model, Ms. Pallid will be LEAST effective in teaching Cameron if she is in the __________ stage of racial identity development and Cameron is in the __________ stage.
contact; immersion
26
Research comparing the children of heterosexual and homosexual parents has generally found that:
the children of gay/lesbian parents and heterosexual parents do not differ in terms of sexual orientation
27
According to Piaget, a child cannot gain a true understanding of addition and subtraction until he/she is ___ years of age.
7
28
As defined by Aaron Beck, automatic thoughts are
spontaneously triggered by a specific circumstance and accompanied by an emotional reaction
29
If you are most concerned about the reliability of an achievement test you will be administering to high school freshmen, which of the following types of tests would you be least likely to use?
true-false
30
Cognitive dissonance theory and ________ share in common the assumption that an uncomfortable experience or sensation is the primary cause of attitude change.
balance theory
31
Studies on effective treatments for Bulimia Nervosa have found that:
cognitive behavioral therapy alone is superior to treatment with an SSRI alone but, for some patients, combining the two treatments improves outcomes
32
One criticism of anger management training for children is that its positive effects are limited because:
it places too much emphasis on the individual (versus social) factors.
33
Research investigating the usefulness of the serial position effect for detecting malingering provides some evidence that, in comparison to patients with traumatic brain injury, volunteers instructed to malinger (i.e., to feign brain injury) are:
less likely to exhibit a primacy effect
34
Based on her review of the existing models of gay and lesbian identity development, Sophie (1985/86) developed a general stage theory of lesbian identity development, which she tested on several women who were currently experiencing changes with regard to their sexual orientation. Which of the following accurately presents Sophie's four stages?
first awareness, testing and exploration, identity acceptance, and identity integration
35
Regular use of morphine or other opioid can quickly result in the development of tolerance and dependence. When this occurs, abrupt cessation of the drug produces a withdrawal syndrome that is characterized by
flu-like symptoms
36
Beta-adrenergic blocking drugs, such as propranolol, are most effective for:
reducing the peripheral manifestations of anxiety such as palpitations, tachycardia, tremor, and sweating
37
According to Ajzen's (1991) theory of planned behavior, a person's ____________ is directly influenced by three factors - attitude toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control
behavioral intention
38
Taylor's (1911) scientific management is based on the premise that which of the following is most useful for maximizing employee motivation?
pay that is directly linked to performance
39
From the perspective of equity theory, a worker's motivation is related to his/her perceptions regarding fairness of
input/outcome ratios
40
Annabelle, age 32, is brought to a clinician by her sister who says she thinks Annabelle is in a cult. She states that Annabelle used to be a very fun-loving, intellectually curious, and affectionate individual, but since she became affiliated with this group over two years ago, she "doesn't seem to be the same person." The clinician notices that Annabelle is very quiet, doesn't make eye contact, and appears "zoned out." When her sister reaches out to touch her, Annabelle flinches as if in pain. Annabelle states that she's a "new person" now and can "see reality for what it really is." Based on this information, the most likely DSM-5 diagnosis for Annabelle is:
Other Specified Dissociative Disorder
41
For an extended family systems (Bowenian) therapist, when a family exhibits a high degree of fusion but one member is more differentiated than the others, the likely approach would be to
work with the most differentiated family member
42
With regard to test bias, a slope bias occurs when
a predictor's validity coefficient differs for different groups
43
A person-centered (Rogerian) therapist would most likely respond to a client's transference by:
disregarding it.
44
In the context of expectancy theory, "valence" refers to
subjective worth of outcomes.
45
Which of the following is true about sensory memory?
Information is retained for about ¼ to 2 seconds
46
Byrne's (1971) law of attraction proposes that people prefer spending time with others who are similar to them in terms of attitudes, and he links this preference to which of the following?
reinforcement
47
A 35-year old client has a history of relationship problems. Although he usually makes a good first impression, his friendships don't last very long. He attributes this problem to the fact that other people are jealous of what he has accomplished. The client has a great idea that will "revolutionize the field of telemarketing," but, so far, no one has recognized the potential importance of his contribution. He left his wife six months ago and spends very little time with his two-year old son. He has been busy "doing what he wants to do," which has included moving into an expensive condominium, buying a new sports car, and dating as many attractive women as possible. These characteristics are most suggestive of:
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
48
Longitudinal research by Gerald Patterson and his colleagues has shown that parents of aggressive children rely on power assertion to enforce their standards. In addition, the discipline of these parents
is inconsistent and often not clearly linked to the child's behavior.
49
The underlying premise of Albert Ellis' Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is that dysfunctional behaviors are
the result of irrational thoughts and beliefs
50
Greenberg and Shuman (1997) identify ten "irreconcilable conflicts" between therapeutic and forensic relationships. Which of the following is NOT one of the differences described by these authors between the roles of therapist and forensic evaluator?
In a therapeutic relationship, the psychologist's role is that of care provider; in a forensic relationship, the psychologist's role is that of advocate
51
The three components of a needs assessment are:
organization analysis, task analysis, and person analysis
52
A large law firm is facing a difficult and involved case. The senior partner asks a group of four lawyers to verbalize all ideas that come into their minds about the case, no matter how absurd the ideas may be. He then asks four other lawyers to do the same thing separately (individually) rather than as a group. The senior partner can expect that:
the individual lawyers will come up with the best ideas.
53
After speaking at a workshop at a large university, Dr. A., a renowned expert on eating disorders, is approached by a woman who asks him about her daughter who she believes is beginning to exhibit symptoms of anorexia nervosa. Dr. A. gives the woman the phone numbers of three therapists in the area who have experience with this disorder. Six months later, Dr. A. finds out that the woman is planning to file a malpractice suit against him: During that time, her daughter received treatment from one of the therapists on Dr. A.'s list but became much worse and is currently hospitalized. The woman feels that Dr. A. is responsible for not adequately warning her of the potential course of her daughter's disorder. In terms of malpractice:
Dr. A. is not guilty because he didn't have a professional relationship with the woman or her daughter
54
Apraxia, or the inability to perform a motor act (e.g., to draw a simple picture or to wave "hello"), is most suggestive of damage to which of the following?
parietal lobe
55
In contrast to Maslow's need hierarchy theory, Alderfer's ERG theory
assumes that needs may become more (rather than less) important as they are fulfilled.
56
As described by __________, internalization involves an internal reconstruction of an external operation
Vygotsky
57
__________ is used to determine the minimum sample size needed for a study, given a particular level of significance, expected effect size, and other factors.
Power analysis
58
Following a review of the case, an HMO decides to deny further payment for sessions for a current client of yours. You believe that the client would benefit from additional therapy. You should:
consult with the client about her options in this situation
59
A person taking an SSRI in conjunction with an MAOI may develop ____________, which is characterized by agitation, confusion, tremor, unsteady gait, diarrhea, sweating, and chills.
serotonin syndrome
60
Which of the following outcomes is not predicted by cognitive dissonance theory?
A college student who is subjected to a difficult and painful initiation into a fraternity is likely to resent the other members
61
An adolescent's adoption of a "ready-made" identity that was formulated by a parent or other authority figure is referred to as:
foreclosure.
62
Which of the following work shifts is likely to be associated with the least amount of job-related stress?
permanent day shift
63
Males and females are given several vignettes that each present a situation that describes sexually toned behaviors by an employer toward an employee. Based on your knowledge of the research, you predict that:
females will be significantly more likely than males to rate the behaviors of the employers as sexual harassment, but only for behaviors that are mild to moderate in severity
64
Which of the following would NOT be useful for increasing a test's reliability coefficient?
increasing the heterogeneity of the content domain
65
A number of studies investigating the progression of HIV infection have evaluated the impact of demographic factors. With regard to age, these studies have most consistently found that, among adults:
older age is associated with a more rapid HIV disease progression
66
A family therapist using Minuchin's structural approach is most likely to be interested in which of the following?
boundaries
67
A psychologist is working in the employee assistance program (EAP) of a large corporation. She is approached by a supervisor who referred an employee to the EAP several weeks ago when the employee was having problems at home that began interfering with her job performance. The employer now wants to know if the employee has been receiving counseling from the psychologist and, if so, how the sessions are going. In fact, the employee has seen the psychologist four times and has another session scheduled for the next week. The psychologist should:
remind the supervisor of the need to maintain confidentiality and provide him with no information about the employee.
68
"Sampling error" is due to:
random factors that produce a nonrepresentative sample
69
Neuropsychiatric symptoms are common sequelae of a stroke (cerebrovascular accident); and, of these symptoms, ________ is/are the most common
depressed mood
70
Youngsters begin to describe themselves in terms of personality attributes - e.g., "I'm smart," "I'm friendly," "I'm shy":
toward the end of middle childhood (ages 10-12
71
A psychologist working at an alcohol rehabilitation clinic is conducting a study to determine if treatment length is related to relapse. She adds four weeks to the standard 12-week program and randomly assigns one-half of the current clinic clients to the extended 16-week treatment and the other half to the standard 12-week treatment. Relapse is measured as the number of times an individual drinks during the 3 months following the end of his or her treatment program. The appropriate correlation coefficient for the data collected in this study is:
point biserial
72
A researcher wants to investigate the effects of a brief treatment for a group of 10 therapy clients before and after the treatment is applied. She will measure symptom severity three times at regular intervals before administering the treatment to the clients and then three times at regular intervals after the clients complete the 10 sessions. The researcher is using which of the following research designs?
interrupted time-series design
73
Developmental research has most consistently linked prolonged emotional stress in an expectant mother to which of the following?
increased crying and irritability in the newborn
74
Research investigating the effectiveness of neurofeedback as a treatment for ADHD has generally found which of the following?
It is an effective approach and exerts its strongest impact on symptoms of inattention and impulsivity
75
The risk for Schizophrenia is higher for twins than for non-twin biological siblings. Moreover, if one twin is diagnosed with this disorder, the risk of the same diagnosis for a monozygotic (identical) twin is about ________ times the risk for a dizygotic (fraternal) twin
2-1/2
76
A therapist tells a client who wants to quit smoking that he should keep his only pack of cigarettes in a place that is accessible only by walking for more than one mile. This is an example of which of the following paradoxical techniques?
ordeal
77
In structural family therapy, "joining" depends on
the therapist's ability to adapt to the family
78
The ANCOVA enables an experimenter to:
statistically remove error variance that is attributable to a known extraneous variable
79
A partial seizure is characterized by:
a focal onset in one hemisphere of the brain with or without a loss of consciousness
80
Dr. K. has just started working at a community mental health center. Several of his new clients belong to an ethnic minority group that he has not had prior experience working with. Dr. K. should:
see the clients but obtain appropriate supervision or consultation
81
A Bowenian therapist would use a genogram to
examine family relationships over several generations
82
Of the various types of test validity, ________ validity has been described as the broadest category of validity because it overlaps and encompasses all other types.
Construct
83
During the fourth session, a therapy client says he "is already feeling much better." Most likely
the client is beginning to feel more hopeful about his situation
84
The parents of 4-year-old Walter report that, even as a baby, he didn't like to be held, which they attributed to colic. They report that he still doesn't like to be touched and that he doesn't like to play with other children and "seems to be in his own world" much of the time. When not engaged in an activity (he only likes playing with cars and dominos), Walter rocks constantly and has a hard time sitting still, but he can focus for hours when he's lining up his toy cars or dominos. Walter's cognitive development and language acquisition have been normal, but he does seem to have some trouble reading social cues. Which DSM-5 diagnosis should be considered first for Walter?
Autism Spectrum Disorder
85
Harry Harlow's research confirmed the importance of which of the following in the development of attachment in infant monkeys?
tactile comfort
86
Research on visual imagery has linked it to which of the following structures of the brain?
hippocampus
87
_____________________ seizures begin in and are often restricted to the temporal lobe and involve impaired consciousness and automatisms such as lip smacking, chewing, fidgeting, and walking in circles.
Complex partial
88
When using the multitrait-multimethod matrix to evaluate the construct validity of a newly developed test, a __________ coefficient provides evidence of the test's divergent (discriminant) validity
small heterotrait-monomethod
89
When using the technique known as "covert sensitization," the client:
imagines he/she is engaging in the target (undesirable) behavior and then imagines an aversive consequence for doing so.
90
A supervisor administers a test on the material covered in a training program to employees who have just completed the program in order to assess its effectiveness. Six months later, the same supervisor rates the employees on their job performance and correlates the two sets of scores. She obtains a correlation coefficient of .65. Most likely, the magnitude of the coefficient has been biased by which of the following?
criterion contamination
91
In a research study, a child sits in front of a three-dimensional model of a mountain scene while another person sits on the opposite side of the mountain scene. The child is then asked to first choose a photograph that depicts the scene that he or she has observed and then to choose the picture that depicts what the other person observed. Being familiar with the research on Piaget's stages of cognitive development, you predict that children 3 to 5 years of age will most likely:
pick the correct picture for their own point of view and pick the same (incorrect) picture for the point of view of the other person
92
Which of the following is most true about Conduct Disorder?
Individuals with childhood-onset type are more likely than those with adolescent-onset type to develop adult Antisocial Personality Disorder.
93
Your ability to clearly remember where you were and what you were doing when you first heard about the Oklahoma City bombing is attributable to the phenomenon known as "flashbulb memory." In turn, flashbulb memory is attributable to the activities of the
limbic system
94
An existential therapist is most likely to describe "existential anxiety" as
a potential stimulus for growth
95
John Conger (1956) offered the tension-reduction model of alcohol consumption as an explanation for:
addiction
96
A handwriting disability that is characterized by difficulties in learning to write, and writing that is accurate but painstakingly slow or of poor quality is referred to as:
dysgraphia
97
According to Erikson, the purpose of play is to:
master social and emotional experiences
98
Hydrocephalus is due to abnormalities in which of the following?
ventricles
99
What is the shape of a percentile rank distribution?
rectangular
100
Self-verification theory (Swann, Pelham, and Krull, 1989) predicts that a depressed person will prefer evaluations from others that:
confirm his/her own negative self-evaluations
101
Difficulty in repeating words just spoken by another person and recalling the name of a familiar object are characteristic symptoms of:
Wernicke's, Broca's, and conduction aphasia
102
Score transformations that alter the rank order and relative size of the distance between scores are referred to as _________ transformations
nonlinear
103
The gradual decline in the intensity, frequency, or duration of a response to the repeated presentation of the same punishment or other stimulus is referred to as:
habituation.
104
According to Atkinson, Morten, and Sue's (1993) Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model, the final stage of identity development is characterized by
adopting a multicultural perspective
105
Research investigating the effectiveness of treatments for Conduct Disorder has demonstrated that:
"boot camps" and "tough love" policies are less effective than parent management training and multisystems therapy
106
Dr. Fran Flummox is asked by the plaintiff's attorney to serve as an expert witness on behalf of the plaintiff in a malpractice suit. The attorney asks Dr. Flummox if she would be willing to waive her usual fee and accept a proportion of the anticipated settlement instead. As an ethical psychologist, Dr. Flummox
should refuse to do so because psychologists should avoid accepting contingent fees in this situation.
107
In the context of Holland's theory of vocational choice, a high degree of differentiation:
increases the predictability of the person-environment interaction
108
Two students - Nancy and Pete - received their percentile rank on a college entrance exam. Nancy scored at the 52nd percentile, whereas Pete scored at the 14th percentile. Subsequently, the examination service notified Nancy and Pete that there was an error in the scoring procedure for their test scores only. A re-score of their responses revealed that five points would be added to their raw scores. Assuming that the exam scores are normally distributed, how would this impact their standing?
Nancy's percentile rank would increase more than Pete's
109
A mental health facility establishes a new policy that prohibits the use of all forms of positive punishment to control the behavior of its inpatients. Which of the following techniques would be unacceptable under this policy
verbal reprimands (e.g., yelling "stop" after an undesirable behavior
110
Dr. Baron's husband owns an advertising agency that caters to small businesses. One of Dr. Baron's clients has just started a new business and tells Dr. Baron that he's in need of someone to handle his advertising. If Dr. Baron recommends her husband, this is:
unacceptable because of Dr. Baron's therapeutic relationship with the client
111
Achieving a predetermined level of measurement accuracy with as few test items as possible is the goal of
computer adaptive testing
112
Increasing age is LEAST likely to have which of the following effects on a man's sexual response cycle?
The resolution phase and refractory period will both increase
113
Studies investigating the "empty nest syndrome" have found that
marital satisfaction tends to increase for middle-aged adults when all of their children leave home
114
To evaluate the effects of a behavioral intervention for reducing the self-injurious behaviors of a 5-year-old boy with Autism Spectrum Disorder in different settings, you would use which of the following single-subject designs?
multiple baseline
115
You receive a phone call from a person who you were intimately (including sexually) involved with for a short period of time. Your relationship ended in a mutually agreeable way and now this person wants to start therapy with you. In terms of the requirements of the Ethics Code:
It would not be ethical to begin therapy
116
Which of the following statements regarding sexual relationships between a therapist and a former client is most consistent with the APA's Ethics Code?
A therapist may have a sexual relationship after two years have passed since termination, the circumstances of the therapy and/or termination were not exploitative, and the client's mental status and/or personal history does not show susceptibility to exploitation
117
The best conclusion that can be drawn about bilingual education is that, when children with limited English proficiency are placed in bilingual programs
they acquire English as well as or better than children in all-English programs
118
One difference between Generalized Anxiety Disorder and nonpathological anxiety is that Generalized Anxiety Disorder is more likely to be accompanied by physical symptoms. In addition, a person with Generalized Anxiety Disorder
finds it difficult to control his or her worrying
119
"I have two feets" and "I runned fast" are examples of the grammatical error known as:
overregularization
120
Tactile agnosia is most likely due to damage to the
parietal lobe.
121
The diagnosis of Cyclothymic Disorder requires a minimum duration of symptoms for:
two years in adults and one year in children and adolescents.
122
In their reformulation of the learned helplessness model of depression, Abramson, Metalsky, and Alloy (1989)
de-emphasize the role of attributions and emphasize the role of hopelessness
123
Which of the following illustrates the use of negative reinforcement?
Restrictions on a child's activities are removed each time he helps with household chores
124
Which of the following disorders is least likely to be associated with Tourette's Disorder?
Separation Anxiety Disorder
125
Which of the following tests is useful for ascertaining whether or not a person's symptoms are due to organic brain damage?
Halstead-Reitan
126
Which of the following is most effective for establishing a conditioned response?
delay conditioning
127
When working in military settings, a clinical psychologist should keep in mind that:
clients should be informed of potential limits to confidentiality at the outset of the delivery of services
128
If a psychology licensure candidate is believed to have cheated on the psychology licensing exam, he/she will:
be given an opportunity to provide evidence to the licensing board why his/her test score should not be cancelled
129
To determine if four predictors are better for predicting criterion performance than three predictors, you would use which of the following?
stepwise multiple regression
130
According to Helms (1990), the ability of Whites to develop a healthy racial identity is most closely related to:
the extent of racism in the society.
131
When conducting Seligman's Positive Psychotherapy (PPT), a client is asked to keep a daily journal in which he/she lists:
three good things that happened each day
132
A client you have been seeing for eight months says he wants to quit therapy. He feels that the original problems he came to therapy for have all been resolved. You disagree and feel that there is good reason for the man to continue seeing you. You should:
discuss his reasons for wanting to terminate and your reasons for thinking he should continue
133
As described by Beck, automatic thoughts involve:
interpreting experiences in patterned, reflexive ways
134
Murphy, DeBernardo, and Shoemaker's (1998) survey of psychologists about the effects of managed care on their professional practice found that the most frequently cited negative effect was
increased demands due to utilization review
135
Kagan's (1966) research on cognitive style found that, in general, students who have a reflective style and take time to consider a question posed by a teacher before answering it
are more likely to answer questions correctly than are children who answer quickly
136
A psychologist conducting a study to determine the effectiveness of backward conditioning with human participants will use which of the following procedures?
Repeatedly present the US before the CS
137
In a police department, the usual rotating 8-hour shift of the officers is replaced by a fixed 12-hour compressed shift. Most likely, this change will have which of the following effects?
increase satisfaction but have little or no effect on productivity
138
A listener is most likely to process a persuasive message peripherally (i.e., use the "peripheral route") if she is
in a good mood
139
In a study designed to evaluate the correlates of achievement motivation, a psychologist would be likely to find that, in comparison to people with a low need for achievement, people with a high need for achievement will prefer which of the following kinds of tasks?
tasks of moderate difficulty
140
In team sports, the "home advantage" phenomenon has most consistently been linked to
the impact of a supportive home audience
141
At which stage in Erikson's model of psychosocial development does a person come to terms with his or her mortality?
integrity vs. despair
142
A series of meta-analyses by Eagly and her colleagues of research on gender differences in leadership style (initiating structure and consideration) found that:
men and women do not differ significantly with regard to leadership style.
143
In the context of operant conditioning, "fading" refers to
the gradual removal of prompts.
144
Research on the impact of downsizing indicates that which of the following is a key contributor to survivor syndrome?
perceived unfairness and inequity in the layoff procedures among employees
145
A 33-year old married woman with one biological child receives a diagnosis of Schizophrenia. Her husband has no symptoms or family history of the disorder. Which of her relatives is at greatest risk for receiving the same diagnosis?
child
146
Dr. Jay tells his client, Sandy Y., to smoke cigarettes only at 10:00 a.m., 1:00 p.m., and 8:00 p.m., to smoke only while sitting in particular chairs at home and in the office, and to smoke only a certain brand of cigarettes (one that Sandy doesn't particularly like). Dr. Jay is using the behavioral technique known as:
stimulus control
147
Which of the following illustrates "diagnostic overshadowing"?
A therapist does not recognize a co-existing clinical disorder in an intellectually disabled patient because of the salience of the intellectual disability
148
Caplan (1970) distinguished between four types of mental health consultation. Which of the following is an example of the type he labeled "consultee-centered case consultation"?
A consultant helps a teacher acquire the behavior modification skills she needs to reduce disruptions in her classroom
149
When treating a client with a paraphilia, which of the following techniques would be most useful for replacing the inappropriate stimulus that currently elicits sexual arousal with a more appropriate stimulus?
orgasmic reconditioning
150
The most consistent evidence for neurogenesis in human adults has been provided for which of the following areas of the brain?
hippocampus
151
Language and social interactions are the key elements in _________ theory of cognitive development.
L. Vygotsky's
152
Research on the effects of age on second-language learning has shown that the ability to achieve native-like pronunciation of a second language is:
more likely when exposure begins in early or middle childhood
153
A child in the preoperational stage of development
treats objects as symbols of things (e.g., dolls as babies)
154
Which of the following individuals has proposed that organizational culture acts, at least in part, as a defense mechanism that helps organizational members avoid uncertainty and anxiety?
Edgar Schein
155
The reduction of parasuicidal behaviors is a primary and explicit target of which of the following?
dialectical behavior therapy
156
When working with an African American client exhibiting "healthy cultural paranoia," an Anglo therapist would be best advised to
help the client bring feelings of suspiciousness, frustration, and antipathy toward whites into conscious awareness
157
Historically, which of the following has (have) been considered the "hallmark" of addiction?
tolerance and withdrawal
158
As defined in the DSM-5, the essential feature of Delirium is:
a disturbance in attention and awareness
159
Dr. Strait is invited to a holiday party at a fellow psychologist's house. While there, he notices that one of the guests is a current therapy client of the psychologist. Dr. Strait's best course of action would be to
discuss the issue with the psychologist at a later time.
160
A problem with establishing "comparable worth" is that:
the job evaluation techniques themselves may be gender-biased.
161
The point at which an item characteristic curve intercepts the vertical (Y) axis indicates which of the following?
the probability of answering the item correctly by guessing
162
A drug that ____________ would be most useful for treating Bulimia Nervosa
increases serotonin levels
163
As defined by Horn and Cattell (1966), fluid intelligence refers to
the ability to solve novel problems
164
________ refers to an inability to recall the names of familiar objects
Anomia
165
Research investigating the effects of living with a stepparent on a child's adjustment suggests that _________ age at the time of the remarriage and ______ gender are associated with fewer problems adjusting to a stepparent
younger; male
166
With regard to the provision of "pro bono" services, the APA's Ethics Code
recommends free services
167
A test's convergent and divergent (discriminant) validity provide information about its:
construct validity
168
The Solomon four-group design is used to evaluate the effects of pretesting on a research study's:
internal and external validity.
169
Which of the following minimizes deviation and thereby helps a family (or other system) maintain the status quo?
negative feedback
170
The parents of a three-year old boy ask a psychologist what they can do to reduce their son's frequent temper tantrums. After learning that the parents pay attention to the boy whenever he has an outburst, the psychologist tells them to consistently ignore the boy each time he has a tantrum. The technique the psychologist has suggested is an example of:
extinction
171
Agranulocytosis is a potential side effect of clozapine, carbamazepine, and a number of other psychiatric drugs. Early symptoms of this disorder include:
fever, sore throat, mouth ulcers, and lethargy
172
The attorney of a former client of yours requests that you provide her with test data and other information included in the client's file. You should
provide the information as requested only if the client has signed a release
173
According to Carol Gilligan, adolescent girls need experiences that help them
stay connected to themselves and others
174
The impact of social roles on behavior was demonstrated by:
Zimbardo's prison study
175
Your new client, Elwood E., age 28, says that, for as long as he can remember, he has had trouble finishing projects because of his tendency to repeatedly check for mistakes and desire to achieve perfection in whatever he does. He says that, because of these tendencies, he received several "incompletes" when he was in college and was fired from his last job. Elwood also reports that he has constant thoughts and impulses that he knows are inappropriate, that make him very anxious, but that he cannot control. He says he's afraid he's going to hurt one of his family members by forgetting to turn off the stove or by accidentally leaving a door or window unlocked at night and that, for this reason, he spends a great deal of time checking and rechecking the stove, doors, and windows. Based on these symptoms, the most likely diagnosis or diagnoses for Elwood is/are:
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder.
176
Ridley (1984) addressed the distrust that often exists between African American clients and their therapists and proposed that the therapist's ethnicity is the MOST important factor for
a confluent paranoiac.
177
Recent research indicates that people with Parkinson's disease have lost at least 80% of __________-producing cells in the substantia nigra
Dopamine
178
The "paired comparison" technique is:
a relative measure of job performance
179
A dance teacher notices that one of her students performs better when his classmates are present than when he practices alone. This is an example of:
social facilitation
180
Dr. R. B. Traight obtains the permission from a child's mother and father before beginning an evaluation that will be used by the court to help determine custody rights. Before the evaluation is completed, however, the mother withdraws her consent. Dr. Traight should:
contact the court to determine the appropriate course of action.
181
For gay and lesbian adolescents, the primary presenting problem at social service agencies is:
social and emotional isolation
182
According to Albert Bandura, modeling (observational learning):
all of the above
183
During her first session, Jane, age 43, tells the clinician that she needs to work on anxiety and relationship issues. She says she divorced her second husband 11 months ago and has been dating a man she met at church for a month but thinks he's going to "dump" her because of her physical problems. Jane has Type 2 diabetes, which is well-managed with medication. However, she complains of frequent stomach problems, severe headaches, and back pain and says she spends a lot of time researching diseases on the Internet to try to figure out what's wrong with her besides diabetes. Jane has been evaluated by a physician who told her that, other than diabetes, she does not have any medical problems. What DSM-5 diagnosis should the clinician consider first?
Somatic Symptom Disorder
184
The Strong Interest Inventory would probably be LEAST useful:
as a job selection test to predict future performance
185
During the course of a mental status exam, a 36-year old man takes a great deal of time to answer the examiner's questions because he often focuses on unnecessary details and makes parenthetical remarks. When he is not interrupted, the man usually does get around to answering the examiner's question. The man's speech illustrates which of the following?
circumstantiality
186
According to Dawis and Lofquist's (1984) Theory of Work Adjustment, job tenure is related to an employee's
satisfaction and satisfactoriness
187
African-American adolescents who exhibit a "blended bicultural" behavioral pattern:
view themselves as having integrated American and ethnic identities.
188
Which of the following would a managed care organization consider most useful for reducing its risk for legal liability?
credentialing of providers
189
Dr. Baron is the only licensed psychologist in a small mental health clinic. The other professionals working at the clinic include the director, who is a psychiatrist, and two social workers. Dr. Baron has just accepted a job at another clinic in a neighboring town. With regard to his client files, Dr. Baron would be best advised to:
leave the files with the director
190
Which of the following programs best exemplifies a primary prevention program?
use of public education programs to inform the public about the negative effects of alcohol abuse
191
Dr. Blue, a psychologist, is hired by a company to administer tests for the purpose of evaluating current employees to determine if they should be considered for promotion. In this situation
an informed consent from examinees should be obtained.
192
Which of the following intermittent schedules of reinforcement produces the highest rate of responding and the greatest resistance to extinction?
variable ratio
193
The age of onset of separation anxiety varies from child to child but is usually between six and eight months of age. It then peaks in intensity at about ______ months and thereafter declines
14 to 18
194
A parent complains that her 11-year old seems motivated primarily by his strong needs for attention and power and desire to get even with anyone who he thinks has wronged him. Therapy based on the work of which of the following individuals would be best suited to this boy's problems?
Alfred Adler
195
A researcher conducts an experiment to determine if Treatment A is more effective than Treatments B, C, and D for reducing cigarette smoking. The researcher randomly assigns 200 volunteers to one of the four treatment groups (A, B, C, or D). Treatment outcome is assessed by comparing the mean number of cigarettes smoked by participants in each group 30 days after completing their treatment programs. The best statistical test for analyzing the data collected in this study would be which of the following?
one-way analysis of variance
196
Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California (1976) established:
a psychotherapist’s duty to protect an intended victim from a therapy client’s violent actions
197
According to Super's lifespan model of career development, a major task of the ________ stage is to update one's skills through training
maintenance
198
Dr. Billings, a psychologist, asks a graduate student to help him with a research project. The student does most of the initial library research, administers the tests and interviews to subjects, and writes some of the article that Dr. Billings will submit to a professional journal. When the article is published, Dr. Billings should make sure that the graduate student is:
listed as a co-author
199
Which of the following aspects of perception develops FIRST during infancy?
preference for faces over other visual patterns
200
A client tells a clinician that she's having a "lot of problems" with food. She states that she's been on numerous diets over the years and, even when she's achieved her desired weight, she always gains it back. She says that she has been evaluated for medical problems such as hypothyroidism, but all of the tests have been negative. When determining if the client's symptoms meet the criteria for Binge Eating Disorder or Bulimia Nervosa, the clinician should keep in mind that:
compensatory behavior is not a requirement for Binge Eating Disorder
201
In the book, A Theory of Multicultural Counseling and Therapy, Sue, Ivey, and Pedersen (1996) describe three multicultural counseling competencies. These are:
awareness, knowledge, and skills
202
The "rebound effect" associated with benzodiazepine use refers to
a temporary increase in severity of symptoms when the drug is discontinued
203
A child with Oppositional Defiant Disorder is least likely to exhibit which of the following?
a high degree of physical aggression toward peers
204
A therapist has been seeing a couple for several weeks. Although they seem reluctant to bring in their 13 year old daughter, the therapist finally convinces them that the problems they have been experiencing seem to be related to their daughter and that it would be good to include her in therapy sessions. It soon becomes clear that the girl has been sexually abused by her father. When the therapist confronts the man about this, he admits that he molested his daughter on two occasions but says that he has not done so in over a year. The girl confirms that this is true. The parents plead with the therapist not to make a report to the authorities and promise that they will continue in treatment to make sure that the father doesn't sexually abuse the girl again. The therapist decides to comply with the wishes of the parents since the abuse occurred in the past and the family is apparently committed to obtaining psychological help. Which of the following statements best describes the ethical and legal issues in this case?
The therapist is acting unethically and illegally by not making a report to the appropriate authorities
205
For a therapist relying on Beck's cognitive approach to treat a client suffering from an Anxiety Disorder, the initial cognitive restructuring will most likely focus on
decatastrophizing
206
Four major dopamine pathways in the brain have been identified. Of these, excessive dopamine in the __________ pathway has been linked to the positive symptoms of Schizophrenia.
Mesolimbic
207
Taddio and colleagues (1997, 2005) examined pain perception in newborns and found that, when newborn boys were not given anesthesia during circumcision:
they showed an adverse reaction followed by increased sensitivity to pain in subsequent months
208
According to the APA's General Guidelines for Providers of Psychological Services, the term "psychological services" applies to all of the following except:
teaching psychology at a university
209
For the treatment of migraine headaches:
thermal biofeedback plus autogenic training is more effective than either treatment alone
210
Which of the following are characteristic symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
resting tremor; slowed movement; rigidity; and impaired balance and coordination
211
John Watson produced a phobia in Albert B. by using which of the following procedures?
pairing an aversive US with a neutral CS
212
Dr. Colombu, a licensed psychologist, is working in a community mental health center. The parents of a 15-year old girl bring their daughter for counseling. The parents will, of course, be paying Dr. Colombu's fee. As an ethical psychologist, Dr. Colombu should:
clearly establish with the girl and her parents prior to therapy what the policy will be with regard to sharing information with the parents.
213
After several sessions with her therapist, a client starts acting toward the therapist as though he were the client's father. Assuming that the therapist is a practitioner of Gestalt therapy, he is most likely to respond to this transference by:
helping the client see the difference between her transference and reality
214
Cortisol is a steroid secreted by the
adrenal cortex.
215
The SAT Reasoning Test is used to
predict the college success of high school seniors
216
Although no single structural abnormality of the brain explains the majority of cases of Schizophrenia, _____________ has been most frequently found in patients with this disorder
enlargement of the ventricles
217
The owner of several used-car lots wants to determine the effectiveness of sales training for his salespeople. He randomly assigns one of his lots to Training Program #1, another to Training Program #2, and a third to a no-treatment condition. It turns out that one of the training group lots is in a low-income neighborhood, while the other two lots are in a middle-income neighborhood. The owner will compare the gross sales of the three lots during a randomly-chosen week in the middle of the summer after the training programs have been completed. The effects of the location of the car lots
is a threat to internal validity
218
The use of a collection agency to collect delinquent fees from a former client is
ethical under certain circumstances
219
As a treatment for alcohol dependence, naltrexone
reduces the person’s craving for alcohol
220
For Kohler and other Gestalt psychologists, learning is the result of which of the following?
the perception of relationships among elements of the problem
221
In the context of Porter and Lawler's (1968) expectancy theory, __________ refers to the belief that meeting job performance goals will lead to certain outcomes.
instrumentality
222
Which of the following best describes the impact of pay on motivation from the perspective of equity theory?
An employee's perception about the fairness of pay is more important than the absolute amount of pay
223
With regard to substance use, "tolerance" is characterized by
the need to increase the amount of the drug to achieve desired effects or a markedly diminished effect of the drug with continued use of the same amount
224
In humans, the characteristics of the sleep cycle change over the course of the lifespan. For example
prior to age 5 or 6 months, the different stages of slow wave sleep are not discernible on an EEG.
225
A client you have been seeing in therapy for three months tells you that her former therapist made repeated sexual advances toward her. She tells you that she does not want you to say anything about it to anyone and that she just wants to "get over it." As an ethical psychologist, you should:
tell the client that you will maintain confidentiality.
