4 Flashcards
1
Q
Privilege
A
can be waived by the client
2
Q
A person is most likely to be happy in a job that involves working with tools and objects, requires physical strength, and provides regular feedback in the form of practical results if his/her highest score is on the __________ subscale of Holland’s Self-Directed Search
A
ϖ realistic
3
Q
A 2-1/2 year old whines until his mother picks him up. In this situation, the mother’s behavior is being controlled by which of the following?
A
negative reinforcement
4
Q
One factor that limits the cognitive abilities of preoperational children is the inability to simultaneously consider several aspects of a situation at once. This inability is referred to as:
A
centration
5
Q
For members of minority groups, long-term exposure to racial oppression is most likely to result in:
A
attempting to earn acceptance by acquiring material goods and other signs of status.
6
Q
Phallic is to initiative vs. guilt as latency is to:
A
industry vs. inferiority.
7
Q
When using punishment to reduce or eliminate an undesirable behavior, it is important to keep in mind that gradually increasing the intensity or severity of a punishment will likely reduce its effectiveness. This reduction in the effectiveness of punishment is referred to as:
A
habituation
8
Q
For a claim of malpractice:
A
the therapist may or may not have had malevolent intentions but there must be a causal connection between the therapist’s acts and the harm suffered by the client
9
Q
Following cessation of cigarette smoking, a lapse is most likely to be triggered by the presence of smoking cues in the environment and/or which of the following?
A
negative affect
10
Q
Recent research on medical illness in children suggests that, in terms of communication, the best strategy for parents is to:
A
give the child information about his/her illness but make sure that it is consistent with the child’s developmental level
11
Q
The James-Lange theory of emotions emphasizes the role of:
A
visceral and muscular reactions
12
Q
The complete loss of color vision resulting from a lack of functioning cone cells is referred to as:
A
achromatopsia
13
Q
As defined by Piaget, a __________ circular reaction occurs when a baby’s action gets a pleasurable or interesting response from an object or other person, which then leads the baby to repeat the action
A
secondary
14
Q
Dr. D. Centt is conducting a study to investigate the effectiveness of a brief behavioral treatment for reducing self-mutilation in young women. The treatment involves 20 hourly sessions that will be administered once a week for 20 weeks. Dr. Centt randomly assigns 40 women with a history of self-mutilation to either the treatment group or the no-treatment control group. After women in the treatment group have completed only six sessions, he finds that the treatment has nearly eliminated their self-mutilating behaviors. In contrast, nearly all of the women in the control group report multiple incidents of self-mutilation since the study began. As an ethical psychologist, Dr. Centt’s best course of action would be to:
A
discontinue the study and offer the treatment to the women in the control group immediately
15
Q
Providing social skills training to children whose aggressive behaviors have already had a substantial adverse impact on their family and peer relations and school performance is an example of:
A
tertiary prevention
16
Q
A psychologist is hired by an industrial development corporation to administer tests to help select key personnel. After being hired, the psychologist learns that the corporation is interested in screening potential employees for “homosexual tendencies,” and he is asked by company management to administer a projective test for the purpose of assessing sexual orientation. The psychologist should:
A
refuse to administer the test and explain to management that it is inappropriate to utilize projective tests for this purpose
17
Q
A physician is most likely to prescribe which of the following for a 36-year old man who has just received a diagnosis of Premature Ejaculation?
A
a drug that inhibits the reuptake of serotonin
18
Q
In training, providing “identical elements” is most useful for
A
ensuring transfer of training.
19
Q
A 47-year old politician teaching his aides the essentials of dirty tricks tells them, “Nothing is wrong unless you get caught.” One of his aides, a developmental psychologist, comments to another aide that the politician is apparently at the __________ level of moral development.
A
preconventional
20
Q
For people with Specific Phobia, blood-injection-injury type:
A
relaxation techniques are normally contraindicated
21
Q
According to Piaget, the ability to think abstractly is first evident at about ____ years of age
A
11
22
Q
In a study examining the effects of mental disorder identification and diagnosis, Rosenhan (1973) had eight “pseudopatients” seek admission to psychiatric hospitals. Results of Rosenhan’s study supported his original contention that:
A
classification of mental and emotional disorders is unreliable and potentially harmful.
23
Q
Following a head injury, Jake J., age 24, exhibits a period of post-traumatic amnesia that persists for nearly one hour. Two days later, Jake is still experiencing a number of symptoms including headache, fatigue, irritability, visual disturbances, and impaired attention. Jake does not have a history of a prior head injury or psychiatric problems. In terms of prognosis, Jake can expect:
A
recovery of most or all neuropsychological functions and resolution of most or all symptoms within three to six months.
24
Q
According to Fiedler’s contingency model, which of the following is most important for maximizing a supervisor’s ability to effectively lead his or her employees?
A
The leader has good relationships with his/her employees.
25
In a study of group conflict among boys at a boy's camp, researchers attempted to identify effective methods for reducing conflicts between groups. Results of the study demonstrated that conflict between groups is best alleviated by which of the following techniques:
having group members work toward a common goal
26
As the result of brain damage, a 37-year-old woman has difficulty regulating the rate, rhythm, pitch, and loudness of her speech. This is referred to as:
dysprosody
27
Bandura's (1977) notion of "reciprocal determinism" applies to interactions between which of the following?
a person's behavior, personal factors, and environment
28
In contrast to Korsakoff's Syndrome, Alzheimer's disease is associated with:
a wider range of cognitive deficits
29
During your first session with a Japanese client, you decide that your primary goals are to normalize the client's problems and instill a sense of hope. According to Sue and Zane (1987), these goals are:
examples of "giving."
30
Expectancy theory predicts that work motivation depends on three beliefs. These include all of the following except:
consideration
31
Escape and avoidance conditioning both involve:
negative reinforcement
32
According to the elaboration likelihood model, the recipient of a persuasive message is more likely to use the central route of information processing when:
the message has some relevance to the recipient of the message
33
During his first therapy session, an Asian American client tells his non-Asian therapist that he would prefer to see an Asian psychologist. The therapist's best course of action would be to:
discuss the issue with the client and make a referral if, after the discussion, the client says he still wants to see an Asian therapist.
34
Ex post facto research is distinguished from true experimental research by:
an inability to manipulate the independent variable(s)
35
During the third therapy session, a client reveals to you that he has been seeing another psychologist for the past six months. The client claims that this therapist doesn't seem to be "doing any good," and that he feels you'll be better able to help him. As an ethical psychologist, you should:
tell the client you will continue therapy with him but discuss the implications of the situation
36
The physiological phenomenon referred to as long-term potentiation takes place in the:
hippocampus
37
A movie viewer is MOST likely to say he/she feels uncomfortable in a crowded movie theater when the movie is:
a boring documentary.
38
Spinal cord injury below the first thoracic vertebra is most likely to result in:
paraplegia
39
Operant extinction would NOT be the treatment-of-choice when:
a temporary increase in the behavior cannot be tolerated.
40
Research by the European social psychologist Serge Moscovici (1985) suggests that, if you represent the minority position on an issue and want to convince other group members that your position is best, the best strategy is to:
not waiver from your position.
41
According to _____, gender role development involves developing conceptual frameworks (schemas) of masculinity and femininity as the result of sociocultural experiences.
Bem
42
Lisa Baumgartner's longitudinal research (2001) identified a six-phase process for incorporating a diagnosis of HIV/AIDS into one's identity. The final phase in this process is
integration
43
You receive a voicemail from a well-respected licensed psychologist in your community who is currently seeing one of your former clients. She says that she has obtained the client's consent and wants you to forward the client's record to her. You should
contact the client to obtain a release directly from him.
44
Berscheid's (1983) emotion-in-relationship model proposes that strong positive emotions are more likely to be elicited in the initial stages of a relationship than in later stages because:
in the early stages, each partner is more likely to do something that is both positive and unexpected.
45
Which statement accurately describes a difference between the DSM-5 and the DSM-IV-TR?
The DSM-IV-TR's "not otherwise specified" designation has been replaced in the DSM-5 with "other specified disorder" and "unspecified disorder"
46
To determine if there is a statistically significant pattern in the effect of time on memory for a list of nonsense syllables, you have subjects memorize a list of 15 syllables and then test their memory at 15-minute intervals for the next two hours. The best technique for analyzing the data you have collected is:
trend analysis.
47
Which of the following is NOT true about the effects of crowding?
People are more willing to discuss intimate details in crowded (versus uncrowded) conditions
48
Anosognosia is best described as an impairment in
self-awareness.
49
An advantage of structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) over computed tomography (CT) is that the former:
provides clearer images.
50
In a normal distribution, approximately ____% of scores fall between the scores that are plus and minus two standard deviations from the mean.
95
51
Kochanska and Knaack (2003) conclude that effortful (inhibitory) control is an important contributor to the early development of conscience. Their research found that effortful control becomes a stable, coherent trait by ________ months of age.
33 to 45
52
Augustine, age 5, is in foster care and enrolled in a therapeutic nursery school. He and his older sister were removed from their home after they were found wandering in the park asking people for food and their parents were both found to have a drug problem. While observing Augustine at school, you notice that he impulsively approaches strangers, tends to be overly familiar with people he has just met, and quickly becomes attached to any adult who pays attention to him. Before assigning a DSM-5 diagnosis of ______________ to Augustine, you will want to confirm that his symptoms are attributable to ______________.
Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder; early neglect or deprivation
53
An employer interested in increasing the creativity of workers would be best advised to do all of the following except:
let workers know that their work will be critically evaluated.
54
Lawler's (1973) model of facet satisfaction:
is similar to equity theory and assumes that job satisfaction is affected by comparisons of one's own inputs and outcomes to the inputs and outcomes of others.
55
You receive a letter from the Ethics Committee asking for information about a former client who has filed a complaint against her current therapist. You stopped seeing the client over seven years ago. You should:
cooperate with the Committee's request by sending them the information you believe is relevant to the case after confirming that the client has signed a release
56
Prosopagnosia is believed to be due to lesions in the:
junction of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes.
57
Aaron Beck's interactions with therapy clients is best described as
collaborative
58
Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT) is considered an effective intervention for severe depression that has not been responsive to other treatments or is accompanied by a high suicide risk. However, ECT also often produces adverse side effects including:
patchy anterograde amnesia and temporary retrograde amnesia.
59
A researcher conducting a study to investigate the phenomenon known as "stimulus generalization" would most likely do which of the following after establishing a conditioned response in her participants?
Present new stimuli that are similar in varying degrees to the CS
60
Delirium shares many symptoms with Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform Disorder, and certain other psychotic disorders, such as disordered thinking, hallucinations, and delusions. Thus, the differential diagnosis of these disorders is often difficult. Generally speaking, however, Delirium can be distinguished from the psychotic disorders because:
the symptoms of Delirium tend to be random and haphazard while the symptoms of the psychotic disorders are ordinarily systematized.
61
According to Berscheid and Walster's (1974) two-factor theory of love, love is the result of:
physiological arousal and a label for it.
62
In terms of interpersonal relationships, a person with Schizotypal Personality Disorder is most likely
to express some unhappiness about a lack of relationships but act in ways that suggest a lack of interest in intimate contacts
63
A Type I error occurs when, on the basis of a study's results, a researcher
rejects a true null hypothesis
64
Cross's (1991, 2001) Black Racial Identity Development Model includes four stages, the last of which is
internalization.
65
A person who prefers unstructured situations that permit a high degree of self-expression and who is sensitive, emotional, and independent is likely to get the LOWEST score on which of Holland's occupational themes?
conventional
66
A drive for order that involves the testing of patterns and structures against the real world is referred to as:
equilibration
67
For children of divorced parents, increased frequency of contact with the noncustodial father:
is associated with fewer behavior problems and better academic achievement only when the father is supportive and authoritative.
68
All of the following are categorized as operant methods for reducing or eliminating undesirable behaviors except:
negative reinforcement.
69
Studies suggest that the ______________ of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder are similar across cultures.
prevalence rates, age of onset, gender distribution, and comorbidity
70
A drug that mimics or enhances the effects of a neurotransmitter is referred to as
an agonist
71
According to Donald Super, "career maturity" refers to:
the ability to accomplish the tasks of each stage of career development.
72
Research by Diana Baumrind found that children and adolescents whose parents were _____________ were most likely to be antisocial, use drugs and alcohol, and achieve low scores on cognitive tests
low in control and low in warmth
73
Family therapy is probably contraindicated in which of the following situations?
One of the family members has severe depression
74
The best predictor of whether a client will become sexually involved with a therapist is
the therapist's past history with regard to sexual involvement with a client
75
Adding a constant to every score in a distribution of scores will
increase the distribution's mean
76
A colleague at the mental health clinic where you are employed tells you that one of his clients has admitted to sexually abusing his daughter. The colleague says he is not going to report the abuse since it was mild in nature and the client has expressed remorse, promised not to do it again, and is willing to continue therapy. In addition, he feels that reporting the abuse would be detrimental to the community since the client is a widely-known, well-respected person. You should:
ϖ contact the appropriate child abuse reporting authority and provide them with information about the abuse and with the colleague's name.
77
The __________ is responsible for the body's "fight or flight" reaction
sympathetic nervous system
78
To manifest all of the following traits except _________, an offspring must inherit a homozygous pair of genes from his or her parents.
brown eyes
79
A "communality" is best described as
ϖ the proportion of variance accounted for by multiple factors in a single variable.
80
The mean age of onset of motor tics in Tourette's Disorder is:
5 to 7 years
81
During the second therapy session with a client, she admits that she has beaten her 7-year-old son on two occasions. She is very remorseful, promises never to do it again, and says she will continue coming to therapy to get the help she needs. You should:
explain that you are obligated to make a report and call the authorities while she is in your office.
82
Depression has been linked to
decreased REM latency and increased REM density.
83
In organizations, frame-of-reference training is used to:
increase rater accuracy.
84
When a therapist is a trainee and his or her supervisor has legal responsibility for treatment being provided by the therapist, the therapist must:
let a client know that he/she is a student intern and provide the client with the supervisor's name
85
A 12-year-old boy's mother says her son is very argumentative, doesn't do what he is asked to do, and frequently bullies and threatens his sister and classmates at school. Also, in the past year, the boy has skipped school at least a half dozen times, ran away from home for two days on three different occasions, and was expelled from school for throwing a rock through a school window. The mother has been divorced for four years, and she says that these problems started several months after she remarried two years ago. Based on these symptoms, the most likely diagnosis for the boy is:
Conduct Disorder.
86
An undergraduate student is asked by a professor to assist in a new research project. The student will help with the literature review and data analysis. According to the Ethics Code, when the research is published, the student should, at a minimum:
be mentioned in an introductory statement or a footnote
87
Harry Stack Sullivan's interpersonal approach to psychiatry identifies ____________ as the primary cause of psychopathology
excessive anxiety
88
Lithium is most effective for:
"classic" Bipolar Disorder
89
An examinee obtains a T-score of 60 on a test. The raw score distribution for the test is normally shaped, has a mean of 45, and a standard deviation of 5. The examinee's percentile rank is:
84
90
____________ theory of socially mediated learning is based on the premise that learning is first socially mediated, then self-mediated
Vygotsky’s
91
Members of an outpatient therapy group are likely to rank which of Yalom's therapeutic factors as most important?
interpersonal input, catharsis, cohesiveness, and self-understanding
92
A school psychologist wants to determine if there is a significant difference in reading readiness scores between male and female students in the school's preschool program. She obtains scores on a standardized reading readiness test for 17 girls and 13 boys. Which statistical test will be most appropriate for determining if there is a significant difference between the scores obtained by boys and girls?
Student's t-test
93
The stages of change (transtheoretical) model identifies two factors as the primary predictors of successful transition from one stage to the next. These are:
perceived self-efficacy and decisional balance
94
In adolescence, sibling relationships usually become:
less emotionally intense and more distant
95
Traditional American Indian social organization and decision-making is best described as:
collateral
96
An advantage of resperidone is that it:
is less likely to produce extrapyramidal side effects than are the traditional antipsychotics.
97
Jacob, age 14, is being seen by a school clinician for repeated angry outbursts at school. He is persistently irritable, constantly argues with adults, has a history of behavioral referrals, and recently changed schools after being expelled for threatening a teacher. Jacob is failing in school, and his parents are thinking of sending him to a wilderness camp where he can "get some sense knocked into him." The most likely DSM-5 diagnosis for Jacob is which of the following?
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
98
Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the second-most common cause of an intellectual disability after Down Syndrome. In additional to cognitive impairments, it is most likely to cause which of the following?
hearing and visual impairments
99
Don Jackson, Murray Bowen, and a number of pioneers in the field of family therapy had a psychodynamic background, which they incorporated, to some degree, in their approach to family therapy. However, it is the psychoanalyst _______________ who is generally identified as the first to formally adapt and apply psychoanalytic principles to the understanding of the family
ϖ Nathan Ackerman
100
When deciding on an intervention plan for a client with Agoraphobia, it is important to keep in mind that which of the following seems to be the key element in treating this disorder?
in vivo exposure
101
A third-grade teacher puts a student in the "time-out chair" for 15 minutes when he is disruptive. After 10 minutes in time-out, the boy tells the teacher that he is sorry, that he knows what he did was wrong, and that he won't bother the other children again. The teacher lets him rejoin the other students in the classroom. Three days later, the boy again disturbs the other students and the teacher sends him to time-out for 15 minutes. This time, the boy apologizes and promises he won't misbehave again after only 8 minutes. The teacher again lets the boy rejoin his classmates. In this situation, the boy's expression of remorse is being controlled by which of the following?
escape conditioning
102
The Flynn effect refers to:
the increase in average IQ over the last century.
103
Which of the following conditions is not accurately described
Multiple sclerosis is a musculoskeletal syndrome that produces muscular pain, stiffness, and spasms and is often accompanied by fatigue, gastrointestinal disorders, and depression
104
Dr. Tartuffe is conducting a survey to obtain the information needed to compare therapists who have and have not had a sexual relationship with a client. The results of his survey will most likely indicate that therapists who say they have been sexually involved with a client:
are also more likely to have had non-sexual dual relationships with their clients.
105
The various approaches to behavior family therapy differ with regard to goals and strategies but most share a focus on which of the following?
enhancing problem-solving and communication skills
106
You agree to see an adolescent in therapy. Before you begin therapy, the parents tell you they will want information about how their son is progressing. As an ethical psychologist, you should:
agree in advance with all parties what, if anything, will be revealed to the parents
107
Sedation (drowsiness) is most likely to be a side effect of which of the following antidepressants?
Pamelor
108
Arthur Jensen's (1998) research on sources of variability in IQ indicated that the average IQ difference within families (as measured by the difference in IQs of full siblings living together) is _____ points.
11
109
Relaxation training seems to be less effective than biofeedback for treating which of the following disorders?
Raynaud's disease
110
A middle-aged man with brain damage cannot pantomime motor movements when requested to do so (e.g., cannot pretend to open a door with a key) but usually has less trouble performing the same movements when using actual objects. The damage causing this impairment is most likely located in the man's:
left parietal lobe.
111
With regard to sexual harassment, the APA's Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct:
prohibits denying employment, tenure, or promotion to an individual because he/she has filed or is the subject of a sexual harassment charge
112
A cigarette smoker says that she has decided to quit smoking in the next three to four weeks and has started developing a plan for doing so. According to the transtheoretical (stages-of-change) model, this person is in which of the following stages?
Preparation
113
The Bonferroni test helps control the experimentwise error rate by
reducing the level of significance for each comparison.
114
Which of the following is NOT included as an Alcohol-Related Disorder in the DSM-5?
Alcohol Dependence
115
The most important contributor to a predictor's incremental validity is its criterion-related validity coefficient: The higher the coefficient, the greater the validity. However, incremental validity is also affected by other factors. Specifically, a predictor will have the greatest incremental validity when
the selection ratio is low and the base rate is moderate.
116
Research comparing the MMPI and MMPI-2 scores of European and African American adults has found that African American examinees
score higher or lower than European American examinees on some scales but that these score differences are not clinically significant.
117
The routing subtests for the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition (SB5) are which of the following?
Object Series/Matrices and Vocabulary
118
An educational psychologist with expertise in the areas of intellectual and learning disabilities is hired by a school district to assist a teacher who is having difficulty working effectively with newly "mainstreamed" students. The psychologist will work directly with the teacher to help him acquire the skills he needs to work with these students but will have little or no direct contact with the students. This is best described as a type of
consultee-centered case consultation
119
A 16-year-old suddenly exhibits a change in behavior that includes irritability, concentration problems at school, a decreased need for sleep, and sexual promiscuity. Her mother says that the girl has had behavioral problems at school for the past few years but that her current symptoms are new and developed about ten days ago. Based on this information, the most likely diagnosis is:
Bipolar I Disorder.
120
Research on the speed-accuracy tradeoff suggests that, when teaching complex motor skills that require both speed and accuracy for successful performance, the best strategy is to initially:
emphasize speed over accuracy.
121
A psychiatrist seeks to consult with you about a client of hers because of your expertise in the area of concern to the client. In this situation
you can discuss the case with the psychiatrist without a waiver as long as the identity of the client is not revealed.
122
During the first session with a woman who is the victim of spousal abuse, a feminist therapist would most likely
help the woman identify and rehearse an "escape plan" to use when her husband becomes abusive
123
Shortly after a school psychologist begins working for a small rural school district, she finds that there are a number of children in a class for students with an Intellectual Disability who are emotionally disturbed but who appear to have an average or above average level of intelligence. The county has no class for emotionally disturbed children. The psychologist should:
evaluate each student and recommend an appropriate action regardless of available options.
124
In the context of the Rorschach test, form quality indicates:
the degree of congruence between the response and reality
125
Experts on cross-cultural counseling note that, when working with African American clients, it is important to recognize that their past experiences in a racist society are likely to have fostered feelings of powerlessness. Consequently, a good strategy for a therapist is to adopt a:
problem-solving, time-limited approach.
126
Which of the following drugs are most effective for individuals who have received a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder with Atypical Features?
MAOIs or SSRIs
127
A psychologist administers a 100-item true/false test to 50 examinees. The mean of the score distribution is 60 and its standard deviation is 8. If the psychologist decides to correct each examinee's score using a correction for guessing formula that involves subtracting points from examinees' scores, she can expect that:
the mean of the new distribution will be lower and its standard deviation will be higher.
128
In factor analysis, the _______ is the proportion of a test's total variance that is accounted for by the common (identified) factors
communality
129
In a __________ distribution of scores, the mean is less than the median and the median is less than the mode
negatively skewed
130
Which of the following contributes LEAST to depth perception for objects at great (versus short) distances?
retinal disparity
131
In addition to identifying "bounded rationality" as an impediment to rational decision-making, Herbert Simon is known for his work on:
artificial intelligence.
132
In their meta-analysis of research evaluating psychotherapy outcomes for children and adolescents, Weisz and his colleagues (1995) obtained the largest effect size for:
female adolescents
133
A person with damage to the hippocampus and adjacent areas in the temporal lobes will most likely demonstrate which of the following?
inability to form long-term memories about facts and events
134
It is not until about _____ years of age that most children express more favorable attitudes toward members of their own ethnic or racial group than toward members of other groups.
4
135
A 13-year old client tells his therapist that he wants to kill himself and that he has access to his father's gun collection. The therapist believes the boy's threat is a serious one and tells him that she will have to contact his parents. The boy gets very angry and says he thought they had agreed that everything he said in therapy was confidential. If the therapist contacts the boy's parents, she has:
acted ethically because a breach of confidentiality is justified in this situation
136
Physical guidance is sometimes necessary when using _________ but must be used with caution because it can have negative consequences (e.g., can elicit aggressive or avoidance behaviors).
ϖ overcorrection
137
Which of the following is likely to be least effective when working with American Indian or Alaskan Native therapy clients?
promoting a “value free” environment in therapy
138
Which of the following is the most commonly used criterion-measure in organizational settings?
supervisor ratings
139
Scores on a predictor that will be used to estimate job performance rating range from 0 to 200. If the predictor's cutoff score is raised from 130 to 150, this will have which of the following effects?
decrease the number of false positives
140
As defined in Atkinson, Morten, and Sue's (1993) Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model, a person who has contradictory appreciating and depreciating attitudes toward both his/her own culture and the dominant (majority) culture is in which of the following stages?
dissonance
141
Which of the following aspects of memory is most negatively impacted by increasing age in adulthood?
secondary memory
142
__________ are mental "rules-of-thumb" that help us make decisions or solve problems more quickly but that do not necessarily lead to the optimal decision or solution.
Heuristics
143
Klinefelter's syndrome is a genetic disorder that
affects males and is caused by the presence of an extra X chromosome
144
Structural family therapy entails three overlapping steps or stages. Which of the following techniques is/are most useful during the first step?
tracking and mimesis
145
Which of the following has been found to be the strongest predictor of Intellectual Disability with an unknown etiology?
low birth weight
146
When a 74-year-old client spends time in therapy sessions reminiscing about events from his/her past, the therapist should:
be patient and recognize that reminiscing is a healthy activity
147
The only time a client is able to see you is during her lunch hour, which requires her session to be limited to 30 minutes because of the distance she must travel to get to your office. When you bill her insurance company, however, you bill for the entire hour. This is:
unethical
148
A family therapist instructs a family member to continue performing the target behavior and to do so in an exaggerated way. This technique is referred to as:
prescribing
149
During the first therapy session with a new client, you realize that he is the father of a young woman you have been seeing in therapy for three months. The daughter is 22 years old and no longer lives with her parents. The most relevant ethical issue in this situation is:
multiple relationship.
150
Based on the initial evaluation of a 15-year-old boy, a clinician believes the nature and number of his symptoms suggest a DSM-5 diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, predominantly inattentive presentation. Before assigning the diagnosis, the clinician will want to confirm that some symptoms were present before the boy was _____ years of age and that he exhibits them in at least _____ settings.
12; 2
151
Which of the following measures of "effect size" (the magnitude of a treatment effect) indicates the amount of variability in an outcome measure accounted for by the effects of the treatment?
eta squared
152
In the context of item response theory, item difficulty is defined
by the probability that an examinee with a given level of the ability measured by the test will answer the item correctly.
153
According to Herzberg's "two-factor theory":
job motivation increases as job responsibility and autonomy increase.
154
A therapy client says, "I feel useless and incompetent and, therefore, I must be a worthless person." From the perspective of cognitive therapy, this is an example of:
emotional reasoning
155
Eric Erikson proposed that an adolescent who doesn't successfully resolve the psychosocial conflict of identity versus identity confusion due to uncertainty about his/her sexual identity is likely to exhibit which of the following maladaptive responses?
repudiation
156
As described in the DSM-5, level of severity of Alcohol Use Disorder and other Substance Use Disorders is based on:
number of symptoms
157
For most children, expressions of pride, shame, and guilt are first evident by ________ months of age
30
158
Piaget's concrete operational stage of development is characteristic of children ages:
7 to 11 years
159
Haloperidol and other conventional neuroleptic drugs are:
most effective for alleviating the positive symptoms of Schizophrenia.
160
Research investigating the physiological mechanisms associated with emotion have found that the eyeblink reflex is:
potentiated when the individual is viewing an unpleasant stimulus but inhibited when the individual is viewing a pleasant stimulus
161
To be consistent with ethical requirements, when a psychologist realizes that a dual (multiple) relationship is unavoidable, the psychologist should:
"take reasonable steps" to resolve the issue in a way that protects the best interests of the affected person
162
Dr. Prattle is asked by a local radio station if she would be interested in doing a "talk show" on Saturday mornings. On the show, she will respond to people who call the station. To be consistent with the provisions of the Ethics Code, Dr. Prattle should:
be sure that callers understand that their conversations with her do not constitute a therapeutic relationship.
163
The psychoanalyst Adolph Stern provided the first organized clinical description of the borderline patient. Of the ten basic characteristics Stern delineated, which of the following did he consider to be the most primary?
narcissism
164
The optimal item difficulty (p) for a true-false test is:
.75
165
From a psychoanalytic perspective, a phobia is:
an externalization of a forbidden impulse.
166
The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in
transporting proteins and fats.
167
A psychologist acts as both a consultant to the court and a fact witness for the defense in a criminal case. This:
may be acceptable as long as the psychologist clarifies her roles with the court and the defense.
168
When using empirical criterion keying to construct a structured personality test, items included in the test are those that
have been found to accurately distinguish between people who do and do not possess the traits measured by a scale or subtest
169
Among the groups listed below, admission rates for psychiatric hospitalization are highest for which of the following?
never married men
170
Research by Kaye, Gendall, and Strober (1998) suggests that food restriction associated with Anorexia Nervosa reduces __________ levels.
Serotonin
171
The results of research conducted at Ohio State University in the 1950s indicated that the behavior of leaders can be described in terms of which of the following dimensions?
initiating structure and consideration
172
As described by Piaget, the ability of a child to see someone else perform a behavior and subsequently perform that behavior him/herself depends on the development of which of the following abilities?
mental representation
173
The neurotransmitter glutamate is believed to be responsible for:
the effects of alcohol on cognitive abilities
174
Use of which of the following substances is NOT likely to produce a Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder?
Opioids
175
Ensuring that employment decisions and practices are free from bias, that errors are quickly corrected, and that stakeholders are involved in important decision-making contributes to which of the following types of organizational justice?
procedural
176
Based on APA's guidelines, the best overall conclusion that can be drawn about dual relationships in forensic settings is that psychologists:
should avoid dual relationships that are inconsistent
177
When using cluster sampling, you:
identify and then randomly select naturally occurring groups of participants from the population
178
Research on working women suggests that combining work and family roles is most associated with:
enhanced self-esteem.
179
Elaborative rehearsal is most useful for:
transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory.
180
In response to questions included in the Adult Attachment Interview, a 34-year old mother describes her childhood relationships with her own parents as very positive, but she is unable to come up with specific examples of pleasant experiences with them. Although she says this inability is due to poor memory, she is able to recall other events that occurred during early childhood. Most likely, this woman's 13-month old baby will exhibit which of the following attachment patterns in the Strange Situation?
avoidant
181
When 11-year old Samantha plays with her 5-year old brother Sam, she often assumes the role of "mother" and teaches Sam how to do things. Sam cooperates by doing what Samantha instructs him to do. The interaction between Samantha and her brother is best described as
complementary
182
__________ inhibition occurs when the ability to remember new information is impaired by previously acquired information.
Proactive
183
If scores on two tests are correlated, multiplying each score in one set of test scores by five will ___________ the magnitude of the Pearson r.
have no effect on
184
The aspect of memory that is capable of storing a very large amount of information for a very brief period of time is referred to as ________ memory.
sensory
185
A client says she is upset because her doctor has suggested she undergo tests for a possible hyperactive thyroid. She says she believes that doctors are always looking for excuses to perform unnecessary procedures in order to make more money. You should
refer her to an endocrinologist to discuss the purpose of the tests
186
Which of the following statements is most consistent with the current understanding of postconcussional syndrome (PCS)?
The symptoms of PCS are often due to a combination of organic and psychological factors
187
At ______ months of age, most children string two words together to make a sentence - for example, "Daddy go," "more juice," and "eat cookie."
18 to 24
188
Which of the following statements is most consistent with the requirements of the APA's Ethics Code with regard to the use of deception in research?
Psychologists may not deceive participants about possible risks that may affect their willingness to participate.
189
Research on the serial position effect has provided evidence for which of the following?
the distinction between short- and long-term memory
190
Research on the "jigsaw classroom" supports the findings of
Sherif's Robber's Cave study
191
Which of the following questions best addresses the issue of interactional justice in an organization?
Did employees feel they were treated fairly when informed about the decision
192
Investigators have identified "five robust dimensions" of personality that appear to underlie all others: extraversion vs. introversion; agreeableness; conscientiousness; emotional stability; and openness to experience. Of these, which is most predictive of performance for all types of jobs and all types of performance measures?
ϖ conscientiousness
193
For most patients with Parkinson's Disease, depression
appears to be endogenous to the disorder and may precede motor symptoms, especially in younger patients.
194
According to Fielder's contingency model of leadership, a low LPC leader focuses on
completing tasks
195
The purpose of a __________ is to guide the development of a program so that its final version maximizes the likelihood that the program will achieve its goals
formative evaluation
196
A test developer obtains a kappa coefficient of .91 for a recently developed test. This coefficient indicates that
there is a high degree of agreement between raters
197
According to Piaget, the key feature of the _______________ stage is the development of the "semiotic function."
preoperational
198
To determine how well an examinee did on a test compared to other examinees, you would use:
norm-referenced interpretation.
199
In a research study, a one-year old is placed on the shallow side of a visual cliff, while the baby's mother stands on the deep side. On alternate trials, the mother is instructed to smile at her infant or to show a fearful face. The baby's different responses to his/her mother's facial expressions will be reflective of:
attachment.
200
Research by Geller and associates (2004) found that five symptoms are useful for distinguishing prepubertal and early adolescent Bipolar Disorder from ADHD. Which of the following is NOT one of these five symptoms?
accelerated speech
201
Alcohol Withdrawal is characterized by
hand tremor, insomnia, hallucinations, and seizures
202
Which of the following is considered a cornerstone of Bandura's social-cognitive theory?
vicarious learning
203
Every time a child in an institutional setting has a tantrum, the only staff member with whom the child has a positive relationship calmly but firmly tells the child to stop his behavior. The child's behavior increases rather than decreases over time as a result of the staff member's behavior. This is an example of:
positive reinforcement of the misbehavior
204
In organizations, quality circles (QCs):
consist of workers who make suggestions to management about solutions to work-related problems
205
You want to use several predictors to classify people into one of two groups. The relationships between the predictors and the criterion violate the assumption of linearity. Consequently, the best technique is:
logistic regression
206
As defined by Beck, "schemas" are:
cognitive structures
207
Chin and Benne (1976) propose that which of the following techniques would be part of a normative-reeducative strategy for overcoming resistance to change in an organization?
having groups of employees discuss ways to accomplish change
208
Which of the following tests would be most useful for assessing the intelligence of a 12-year-old child with limited English language proficiency?
Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices
209
Employee X is thinking about filing a sexual harassment suit against her boss, Supervisor Y. He makes a habit of complimenting Employee X on how she looks, often with a "wolf whistle" and this makes Employee X feel very uncomfortable. Employee X decides to tell Supervisor Y that she finds his behavior offensive. Supervisor Y says he "means no harm" but that he'll stop if that's what she wants. This situation:
does not represent a sexual harassment suit as long as Supervisor Y actually stops making comments about Employee X's appearance
210
In the context of test construction, __________ refers to the extent to which test items contribute to achieving the stated goals or purpose of testing.
relevance
211
From the perspective of Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy:
people are biologically prone to the acquisition of irrational beliefs.
212
The research suggests that sex therapy has been most successful for the treatment of:
premature ejaculation
213
Meta-analyses of research on the treatment of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia with cranial radiation or chemotherapy have found that:
either treatment alone is associated with decreased intellectual functioning and lower academic achievement
214
Phyllis P., a 32-year-old administrative assistant, is constantly seeking approval from others and, when she is criticized even for a minor offense, she becomes very hurt and angry. At office parties Phyllis is especially seductive with male co-workers and physically affectionate with female co-workers, and she often behaves in ways that make her the center of attention. Based on this information, the most likely diagnosis for Phyllis is:
Histrionic Personality Disorder
215
According to the APA's Guidelines for Providers of Psychological Services to Ethnic, Linguistic, and Culturally Diverse Populations, when the linguistic skills of a psychologist do not match the client's language, the psychologist:
should make a referral or, if not feasible, should retain an appropriate translator.
216
A dimensional approach to diagnosis is based on a(n) ________ of attributes.
quantification
217
1. Research on the serial position effect suggests, that when "cramming" for a test, it is important to:
give extra attention to material studied during the middle of the study session
218
Patterson and his colleagues focus on the family in describing the origins of aggressiveness in children. Specifically, they relate high aggressiveness in children to:
coercive exchanges between parent-child
219
A middle-aged man is convinced that TV commercials are sending him personal messages, and he cannot be talked out of this belief. This is an example of which of the following?
delusion of reference
220
An aerospace corporation uses the procedure known as multiple cutoff in its employee selection process. As a result, which of the following is most likely to occur?
An applicant who obtains very high scores on tests of mathematical and mechanical intelligence will not be hired because he fails a test of verbal intelligence by several points
221
Research about job satisfaction has most consistently found that:
job satisfaction is inversely related to turnover and absenteeism
222
"In periods of crisis, such as loss, abandonment, separation, failure, and loneliness, the individual can temporarily fall back on his internal world." This statement reflects the basic assumptions of which of the following approaches?
object relations theory
223
When a person with an optimistic attribution style does poorly on an exam in a class he ordinarily does well in, that person will most likely say which of the following?
The teacher gave a very hard test this time
224
A strategic family therapist is working with a family in which the husband and wife have avoided their own conflicts by focusing their attention on the problems of their 9-year old son. The therapist in this situation is most likely to:
give the husband and wife a homework assignment designed to foster recognition of the conflicts that exist between them.
225
According to McGregor (1960), Theory X managers assume that
employees have an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it when they can.
